Erlend Paasche

• Paasche, Erlend (2018). Elites and Emulators: The Evolution of Iraqi Kurdish Asylum Migration to Europe. Migration Studies. . doi: 10.1093/migration/mny036 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Research on migration’s internal dynamics has focused on labour migration and drawn heavily on cumulative causation theory. It is often believed that pioneer labour migrants of middling socioeconomic selectivity facilitate the migration of others in their networks by reducing the costs and risks of migration through practical assistance. Expanding migrant networks can allow for labour migration to grow although macrostructural conditions change. For asylum migration in the context of armed conflict, the mechanisms whereby migration grows may very well differ. For one thing, pioneer asylum migrants in such contexts are often social elites. What is the relationship between the movement of these elites and that of subsequent asylum migrants? This article traces the evolution of Iraqi Kurdish asylum migration to Europe from its inception by elite pioneer migrants to its continuation by non-elites, during four decades of altered contextual conditions. The analysis is based on 106 semi-structured interviews with Iraqi Kurdish migrants. An evolving interplay between exogenous and endogenous dynamics is observed, and so are commonalities with the social processes that underpin labour migration. The basic principles of cumulative causation seem to be operating, yet there is little to indicate that established migrants functioned as ‘bridgeheads’ for newcomers. The empirical analysis feeds into a concluding conceptual discussion in which I argue that, compared to labour migration, asylum migration from conflict-affected areas may be relatively less driven by the interpersonal networks that reduce costs and risks, and relatively more driven by what the article coins ‘emulation’, the observational learning of migration.

• Paasche, Erlend; Skilbrei, May-Len & Plambech, Sine (2018). Vulnerable Here or There? Examining the vulnerability of victims of human trafficking before and after return. Anti-Trafficking Review.  s 34- 51 . doi: 10.14197/atr.201218103 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  This article deals with how return programmes for rejected asylum seekers and irregular migrants construct and create vulnerabilities.Few studies have exploredthe role of assistance provided through such programmes for the sex worker returnees and victims of traffickingwho return through them. Even fewer holistically examine a return programme through data elicited in both destination and originlocations, before and after return. That is what we aim to do in this article. We first look at the legal-bureaucratic construction of vulnerability in a host state, Norway, and the systemic logic of its efforts to return victims of trafficking. We then look at how returnees narrate their experiences of and perspectives on vulnerabilityupon return to their country of origin, Nigeria. This study, together with the broader research within this field, indicates that flaws in programme implementation can in fact exacerbate vulnerabilities rather than help returnees overcome them.

• Paasche, Erlend (2017). A Conceptual and Empirical Critique of ‘Social Remittances’: Iraqi Kurdish Migrants Narrate Resistance, In Magdalena Nowicka & Vojin Šerbedžija (ed.),  Migration and Social Remittances in a Global Europe.  Palgrave Macmillan.  ISBN 978-1-137-60125-4.  Chapter 6.  s 121 - 141
• Paasche, Erlend & Skilbrei, May-Len (2017). Gendered Vulnerability And Return Migration. Temida.  20(2), s 149- 166 . doi: https://doi.org/10.2298/TEM1702149P Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Paasche, Erlend (2016). The role of corruption in reintegration: experiences of Iraqi Kurds upon return from Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies.  42(7), s 1076- 1093 . doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2016.1139445 Vis sammendrag

  This article examines how corruption affects reintegration. The literature on return and reintegration shows that return migrants often struggle to adjust and adapt to life in their place of origin because that environment can be very different from what they grew accustomed to abroad. One stark difference is the prevalence and meaning of corruption. In many sending countries that migrants come from and then return to, corruption is endemic. By contrast, in many receiving countries that migrants go to and return from, it is incidental. Yet, we know little about how the discrepancy affects reintegration. This study examines how corruption affects the psychosocial and economic reintegration of Iraqi Kurds returning to Iraqi Kurdistan from Norway and the United Kingdom. Interviews with returnees reveal that they consider corruption a major challenge for their own reintegration. Psychosocially, it alienates them from the ideology of the Kurdish nation-building project, challenges their identities, undermines a sense of belonging and creates insecurity. Economically, it shapes economic behaviour and outcomes by obstructing entrepreneurship, producing relative deprivation and conditioning their employability.

• Fangen, Katrine & Paasche, Erlend (2013). Young adults of ethnic minority background on the Norwegian labour market: The interactional co-construction of exclusion by employers and customers. Ethnicities.  13(5), s 607- 624 . doi: 10.1177/1468796812467957
• Paasche, Erlend & Fangen, Katrine (2012). Transnational Involvement: Reading Quantitative Studies in Light of Qualitative Data. International Journal of Population Research.  2012 . doi: 10.1155/2012/580819 Vis sammendrag

  Studies of migrant transnationalism are dominated by qualitative case studies. To take the field further, there is a need for more quantitative studies and for connecting quantitative and qualitative studies through a reiterative feedback loop. In order to contribute to this, we take two refined and original quantitative studies, one by Snel et al. and one by Portes et al., as a vantage point, commenting on the authors’ organization of analytical categories and their operationalization of key concepts, in light of our own, qualitative data. These data come from a research project, EUMARGINS, where we analyze processes of inclusion and exclusion of young adult immigrants and descendants in seven European countries, using participant observation and life-story interviews in combination with statistical data. We conclude that the process whereby young migrants identify themselves in terms of ethnicity and belonging is context-specific, multidimensional, and hard to study quantitatively.

• Paasche, Erlend & Strand, Arne (2012). En komparativ analyse av to landbaserte retur- og reintegreringsprogrammer : : hva fungerer (ikke) i reintegreringsfasen?, I: Marko Valenta & Berit Berg (red.),  Asylsøker: i velferdsstatens venterom.  Universitetsforlaget.  ISBN 978-82-15-01993-2.  s 205 - 224
• Paasche, Erlend (2011). Iraqi Refugees in A Damascus Suburb: Carriers of Sectarian Conflict?. International Journal of Contemporary Iraqi Studies.  5(2), s 263- 275 . doi: 10.1386/ijcis.5.2.247_1

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• Brekke, Jan-Paul; Paasche, Erlend; Espegren, Astrid & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2021). Selection Criteria in Refugee Resettlement. Balancing vulnerability and future integration in eight resettlement countries. Rapport – Institutt for samfunnsforskning. 2021:3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  In this report, we analyze resettlement programs for refugees in eight countries, highlighting the similarities and differences regarding their selection criteria and practices. In addition to Norway, the study includes Australia, the United Kingdom (UK), Canada, France, Germany, Sweden, and the Netherlands. Based on more than 50 in-depth interviews with Norwegian civil servants, non-governmental organization (NGO) representatives, UNHCR staff, and governmental representatives from the countries included in the comparative analysis—along with document studies and an international ad-hoc query—we find that all countries wrestle with balancing principles and pragmatism in their selection practices. That is, although they aim to select those refugees who are most vulnerable, they are also taking into consideration the refugees’ future integration or, at least, ability to cope in the host society. We conclude the report by providing a number of policy recommendations for consideration by Norwegian authorities, based on the data presented in this study and on a review of guidelines and practices in the other seven case countries.

• Bendixsen, Synnøve Kristine Nepstad; Strand, Arne; Lidén, Hilde; Paasche, Erlend & Aalen, Lovise (2016). Programmes for assisted return to Afghanistan, Iraqi Kurdistan, Ethiopia and Kosovo: A comparative evaluation of effectiveness and outcomes, Report, 2016: 2.
• Carling, Jørgen; Bolognani, Marta; Erdal, Marta Bivand; Ezzati, Rojan; Oeppen, Ceri; Paasche, Erlend; Pettersen, Silje Vatne & Sagmo, Tove Heggli (2015). Possibilities and Realities of Return Migration.
• Paasche, Erlend (2014). Iraqi Kurdistan: Partner Under Pressure. PRIO Policy Brief. 4. Vis sammendrag

  ​​​In order to support the Iraqi Kurds against the blitzkrieg and brutality of the Islamic State (IS), some European states with EU backing are now following the example of the US in providing military support to the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG). But important questions remain about the KRG's political foundation. Given a dysfunctional Iraq, and a fully functioning terrorist organization with a transnational vision operating there, Western decision-makers have good reason to assess the stability of their new partner in the region. The KRG faces internal pressures as it seeks to fend off the IS and position itself for future independence.

• Paasche, Erlend (2014). Why Assisted Return Programmes Must Be Evaluated. PRIO Policy Brief. 8. Vis sammendrag

  Rejected asylum seekers often resist the legal obligation to return. Consequently, European policy makers tasked with migration management have turned to so-called 'Assisted voluntry Return and Reintegration programmes (AVRRs) to incentivize return to and support reintegration in the country of origin. AVRRs are described as less politically costly, simpler and cheaper than deportation. But with very limited monitoring and evaluation of AVRRs we know little about how well they work and whether the promised support is given. This policy brief outlines some of the compelling reasons to monitor and evaluate AVRRs.

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• Schultz, Jessica; Lidén, Hilde & Paasche, Erlend (2021). Assessing vulnerability in Norwegian asylum practice:​ amplifying or displacing refugee rights?.
• Paasche, Erlend (2019). Return and reintegration in Iraqi Kurdistan.
• Paasche, Erlend & Skilbrei, May-Len (2019). Human Trafficking, Migration and Borders Under Pressure.
• Paasche, Erlend; Skilbrei, May-Len & Plambech, Sine (2019). What happens after victims of trafficking return to Nigeria?. openDemocracy.net.
• Paasche, Erlend (2018). Class, risk and going with a purpose.
• Paasche, Erlend (2018). Class, risk and ‘going with a purpose’: Nigerian postgraduates reflect on irregular migration.
• Paasche, Erlend (2018). Human Trafficking and Migration Studies.
• Paasche, Erlend & Carling, Jørgen (2018). Representations of return migration in Nigerian cultural production.
• Paasche, Erlend (2017). Crime goes to the movies: The case of Nollywood.
• Paasche, Erlend (2017). Hayne's Nollywood: A view from migration studies.
• Paasche, Erlend (2017, 14. november). NRKs Dagsrevyen. [TV].  NRK.
• Paasche, Erlend (2017, 11. september). Om migrasjon og Film fra Sør. [Radio].  NRK P2.
• Paasche, Erlend & Skilbrei, May-Len (2017). Forskningsformidling 2.0. Khrono.no.
• Paasche, Erlend & Skilbrei, May-Len (2017). Nollywood. Spesialvisning av nigeriansk film på festivalen Film fra Sør.
• Søderholm, Tara Matilde & Paasche, Erlend (2017, 03. november). From Nollywood to Norway. [Internett].  Universitetet i Oslo.
• Villman, Emma Åsa Irene & Paasche, Erlend (2017, 18. august). Making sense of migration through popular culture. [Internett].  uio.no.
• Lidén, Hilde; Strand, Arne; Bendixsen, Synnøve Kristine Nepstad; Paasche, Erlend & Brekke, Jan-Paul (2016). Samanliknande evaluering av assisterte returprogram til Afghanistan, Irakisk Kurdistan, Etiopia og Kosovo.
• Paasche, Erlend (2016, 11. november). Paasche to speak at the world’s largest anti-corruption conference. [Internett].  UiO.
• Paasche, Erlend (2014). Elites and emulators: the evolution of an Iraqi Kurdish - European migration system. Vis sammendrag

  ​This paper deals with both emigration and return, applying a systems approach on 'forced migrants'. ​Empirically based on more than 100 in-depth interviews and 7 focus group discussions with Iraqi Kurdish emigrants and returnees to/from the UK and Norway, this paper explores the evolution of an Iraqi Kurdish - European migration system through three time periods, 1975-1991, 1992-1998, and 1999 until today. The first wave, comprised of political elites, were often granted asylum by sympathetic host states in Europe. Through their existentially important remittances, transnational marriages and high-profile return visits these elites had a signalling effect triggering the emigration of a more mixed group of second-wave ‘economic refugees'. Second-wavers emulated the first-wavers in search of wealth and freedom but were also fleeing a complex of civil war, generalized insecurity and economic deprivation. The final third-wavers tend to be less wealthy and younger, and idealize Europe as a vehicle of social mobility in lieu of inaccessible patronage. Unprecedented though incomplete political stability and rapid though inequitable economic growth in Iraqi Kurdistan hence produces return and emigration simultaneously. It prompts the return of political and financial elites, well positioned to capitalize on investment opportunities and benefit from personal networks and any foreign-earned skills and education they might have acquired. It also produces third wavers who continue to emulate the elites by seeking asylum in Europe to accumulate wealth and enjoy social freedoms, but are poorly positioned to do so as increasingly restrictive asylum regimes and economic downturns in Europe combine to produce irregularization, marginalization, and unfavorable exchange rates vis-à-vis the booming Kurdish economy. When these third-wavers eventually return, often forcibly, they are largely empty-handed and face disappointed households and poor prospects in an increasingly specialized labor market. In other words, emigration to Europe has been democratized but return has not.

• Paasche, Erlend (2014). Kan Irak fikses?. Dagsavisen - Nye Meninger.
• Paasche, Erlend (2014). Nasjonalisme under press. Dagens næringsliv. Vis sammendrag

  ​​Suksessen til ekstremistene i Den islamske stat (IS) er delvis et spørsmål om militær slagkraft, men også om kraften i tre konkurrerende nasjonalismer, skriver fredsforsker Erlend Paasche.

• Paasche, Erlend (2014). Vaklende løsrivelse. Morgenbladet. Vis sammendrag

  Bak en flom av nyheter fra Irak i det siste, om islamistiske ekstremisters brutale effektivitet, etnisk rensing og vestlig intervensjon i Irak, er det et like aktuelt men dypere spørsmål som fortjener mer oppmerksomhet: Nå som den irakiske staten er så svak, vil kurderne nord i landet benytte anledningen til å løsrive seg?

• Knudsen, Are; Strand, Arne & Paasche, Erlend (2013). War and Migration, In Immanuel Ness (ed.),  The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration.  Wiley-Blackwell.  ISBN 978-1-4443-3489-0.  lexical entry.  s 1 - 8
• Paasche, Erlend (2013). On the Move: The Journey of Refugees in New Literatures in English. Journal of Peace Research.  50(3), s 428- 428
• Paasche, Erlend & Hofman, Lennart (2013, 26. januar). Gedwongen naar huis.  Netherland.
• Paasche, Erlend & Hofmann, Lennart (2012, 12. desember). Nederlandse supermarkt in Irak teken van welvart.  Netherlands.
• Paasche, Erlend & van WILGENBURG, Vladimir (2012, 31. oktober). Kurdish Studies Network Fills Void for Kurdish Experts.  Rudaw.
• Paasche, Erlend & van WILGENBURG, Vladimir (2012, 19. oktober). Second Kurdish Congress Focuses on Kurdish Diaspora.  Rudaw.
• Jones, Lee; Daniel Clayton, Govinda; Engbo Gissel, Line; Seland Gomsrud, Lars; Leclerc-Gagné, Elise; Paasche, Erlend; Prest, Stewart; Schäfter, Julian & Pinéu, Daniel (2011). The Method Makes the Manuscript: Key Texts in the Theoretical and Methodological Advancement of the Study of Civil War. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding.  5(2), s 235- 260
• Paasche, Erlend (2011). Prospects for Political Stability in a Democratic Iraq: A Study of the Clusters of Conflict. Journal of Peace Research.  48(2), s 267- 267

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