Håkon Solbu Trætteberg

• Sivesind, Karl Henrik; Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu & Fladmoe, Audun (2022). Active citizenship in public and nonprofit schools – the case of Norway. Journal of Educational Administration & History. doi: 10.1080/00220620.2022.2081135. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Countries increasingly out-contract public education to private providers to inspire competition and development, but there is limited research on the consequences. This article compares the parents’ room for active citizenship in public and nonprofit compulsory schools in Norway. It analyses a large-scale parental survey by multi-level regressions (OLS) of school-choice, internal empowerment, external participation in governance, and satisfaction with dialogue and collaboration, while controlling for school- and municipality-level factors. Parents’ reasons for choosing free schools are mainly perceived quality, profile, or previous dissatisfaction — not location as in public schools. Although parents are in general satisfied, there is a small but significantly higher level in free schools related to internal empowerment. Thus, stakeholder influence makes a difference, even in a society promoting active citizenship more broadly. The Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training conducted the survey in 2018–2019, targeting more than 20,000 parents in 160 public and 25 free schools.

• Enjolras, Bernard & Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2021). Interactions Between Local Government and Voluntary Organizations: Theoretical Perspectives. In Ibsen, Bjarne (Eds.), Voluntary and Public Sector Collaboration in Scandinavia : New Approaches to Co-Production. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 23–42. doi: https%3A/doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72315-6_2.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu & Grødem, Anne Skevik (2021). From national activation legislation to local practices in Norway—Why the same law gives diverse practices. International Journal of Social Welfare. doi: 10.1111/ijsw.12513. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Social policies are legislated nationally and implemented locally, and despite national attempts at vertical policy coordination, implementation varies. The aim of this article is to better understand variations in local implementation of national policies, emphasising, in particular, structural conditions. Our case is a legislative change in Norway that obliged municipalities to implement compulsory participation and conditionality for young recipients of social assistance. We conducted a comparative case study analysis in which, through 28 qualitative interviews, we compared six municipalities. We found that municipalities that have conceptualised compulsory participation as physical work and long hours in catch-all programmes are also the municipalities that sanction through benefit cuts. The municipalities that were more reluctant to cut benefits were those with the least straining requirements in terms of content and scope. We discuss local variation in terms of local-level path dependence, the size of the municipality and state supervision of municipalities.

• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu & Fladmoe, Audun (2020). Does educational inequality predict exercise of users' choice? Survey evidence from domiciliary care services among elderly in Oslo, Norway. Social Policy & Administration. doi: 10.1111/spol.12589. Full text in Research Archive
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu & Fladmoe, Audun (2020). Quality differences of public, for-profit and non-profit providers in Scandinavian welfare? User satisfaction in kindergartens. VOLUNTAS - International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. 31(1), p. 153–167. doi: 10.1007/s11266-019-00169-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2018). Stability and Change in Scandinavian Welfare: The Nonprofit Sector as a Buffer against For-Profit Expansion. In Engelstad, Fredrik; Holst, Cathrine & Aakvaag, Gunnar C. (Ed.), Democratic State and Democratic Society. De Gruyter Open. p. 273–295. doi: 10.1515/9783110634082-014.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2017). Active Citizenship in Scandinavian Schools and Nursing Homes. In Sivesind, Karl Henrik & Saglie, Jo (Ed.), Promoting Active Citizenship : Markets and Choice in Scandinavian Welfare. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 203–259. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-55381-8_6. Show summary

  Market mechanisms are used in new ways to create progress in the welfare state in the Scandinavian countries. Surprisingly, this does not mean that the core welfare goals have been replaced. The Scandinavian countries still subscribe to many of the deep-rooted ideals, such as public funding and regulation of core welfare services, decentralization of governance, equal access for all to high quality services, and adaptation of services to the user’s needs and preferences. However, there is a willingness to innovate in order to better reach these goals and consequently large differences between the Scandinavian countries and between the service areas are evolving rapidly. In particular the voucher system and competition between public and private for-profit schools have attracted a lot of attention internationally. In effect, the Scandinavian countries have emerged as a laboratory of different welfare reform experiments. It is a testing ground for solving similar problems that other countries will encounter. The book draws conclusions based on systematic and integrated research conducted by local experts in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. The researchers are therefore uniquely positioned to conduct comparative analysis between countries, primary schools and nursing homes, and between public, for-profit, and nonprofit providers. These new insights are relevant for other countries in the process of reforming how welfare services are provided while promoting active citizenship.

• Sivesind, Karl Henrik; Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu & Saglie, Jo (2017). The Future of the Scandinavian Welfare Model: User Choice, Parallel Governance Systems, and Active Citizenship. In Sivesind, Karl Henrik & Saglie, Jo (Ed.), Promoting Active Citizenship : Markets and Choice in Scandinavian Welfare. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 285–310. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-55381-8_8. Show summary

  Market mechanisms are used in new ways to create progress in the welfare state in the Scandinavian countries. Surprisingly, this does not mean that the core welfare goals have been replaced. The Scandinavian countries still subscribe to many of the deep-rooted ideals, such as public funding and regulation of core welfare services, decentralization of governance, equal access for all to high quality services, and adaptation of services to the user’s needs and preferences. However, there is a willingness to innovate in order to better reach these goals and consequently large differences between the Scandinavian countries and between the service areas are evolving rapidly. In particular the voucher system and competition between public and private for-profit schools have attracted a lot of attention internationally. In effect, the Scandinavian countries have emerged as a laboratory of different welfare reform experiments. It is a testing ground for solving similar problems that other countries will encounter. The book draws conclusions based on systematic and integrated research conducted by local experts in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. The researchers are therefore uniquely positioned to conduct comparative analysis between countries, primary schools and nursing homes, and between public, for-profit, and nonprofit providers. These new insights are relevant for other countries in the process of reforming how welfare services are provided while promoting active citizenship.

• Sivesind, Karl Henrik & Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2017). Does Out-Contracting of Welfare Services Promote Active Citizenship? In Sivesind, Karl Henrik & Saglie, Jo (Ed.), Promoting Active Citizenship : Markets and Choice in Scandinavian Welfare. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1–31. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-55381-8_1. Show summary

  Market mechanisms are used in new ways to create progress in the welfare state in the Scandinavian countries. Surprisingly, this does not mean that the core welfare goals have been replaced. The Scandinavian countries still subscribe to many of the deep-rooted ideals, such as public funding and regulation of core welfare services, decentralization of governance, equal access for all to high quality services, and adaptation of services to the user’s needs and preferences. However, there is a willingness to innovate in order to better reach these goals and consequently large differences between the Scandinavian countries and between the service areas are evolving rapidly. In particular the voucher system and competition between public and private for-profit schools have attracted a lot of attention internationally. In effect, the Scandinavian countries have emerged as a laboratory of different welfare reform experiments. It is a testing ground for solving similar problems that other countries will encounter. The book draws conclusions based on systematic and integrated research conducted by local experts in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. The researchers are therefore uniquely positioned to conduct comparative analysis between countries, primary schools and nursing homes, and between public, for-profit, and nonprofit providers. These new insights are relevant for other countries in the process of reforming how welfare services are provided while promoting active citizenship.

• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2016). User Democracy in Schools? Comparing Norwegian Schools With Nursing Homes. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. 62(1), p. 17–33. doi: 10.1080/00313831.2016.1188149. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Democratic user control is a hallmark of Scandinavian schools, but also of other services of the Scandinavian welfare states. This article studies variations in parental control and influences in public and non-public schools. In addition, how the use of different governance tools inspired by markets affects user control is analyzed. The empirical investigation consists of matching public and non-public schools and nursing homes in three Norwegian municipalities. The study concludes that there is important variation between public and non-public schools, while there is little variation between public and non-public nursing homes. The organization of the quasi-market is an important explanation for this.

• Trætteberg, Håkon Dalby (2016). Aktivt medborgerskap i skandinaviske skoler og sykehjem. In Sivesind, Karl Henrik (Eds.), Mot en ny skandinavisk velferdsmodell? Konsekvenser av ideell, kommersiell og offentlig tjenesteyting for aktivt medborgerskap. Institutt for samfunnsforskning. p. 50–65. Show summary

  I de skandinaviske landene er mangfold og individuell tilrettelegging viktige mål for den offentlig finansierte velferden. Derfor er det et paradoks at velferdspolitikken ikke i større grad støtter opp om de ideelle organisasjonenes særpreg og videre utvikling. Her legges for første gang fram sammenlignbare tall som viser utvikling av fordelingen mellom ideelle, kommersielle og offentlige tjenesteytere på områdene utdanning, helse og sosiale tjenester i Skandinavia. Kommersielle aktører har den sterkeste veksten, særlig på sosialområdet. Dette skyldes økt bruk av åpne anbud og andre markedslignende styringsmekanismer. I Sverige har denne utviklingen blitt kraftig framskyndet av at stadig flere tjenester organiseres med en kombinasjon av brukervalg, fri etableringsrett og ingen begrensninger på overskudd til eierne. De ideelle tjenesteyterne gir i størst grad valgmuligheter med et innhold som skiller seg fra det offentlige og kommersielle tilbudet. De ideelle er også gode på individuell myndiggjøring og demokratisk medvirkning hvis rammebetingelsene gir rom for det. Når veksten i første rekke fremmes med økonomiske insentiver, begrenses utviklingen av disse særpregete valgmulighetene.

• Trætteberg, Håkon Dalby (2015). Public, For-Profit, and Nonprofit Welfare Institutions in Norway: Distinctive Goals and Steering Mechanisms or Hybridity in a Dominant State. VOLUNTAS - International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. 26(5), p. 1620–1638. doi: 10.1007/s11266-015-9565-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Nonprofit, public, and for-profit welfare institutions have different operational logics. The distinctiveness of a nonprofit institution is more prominent in some circumstances than in others. This paper is based on case studies conducted in Norwegian municipalities to understand when and why nonprofits operate with distinctive steering mechanisms. Based on the framework of hybrid organizations, I analyze the interaction among institutions in the public sector that have democratic legitimacy through a hierarchical organization, the for-profit sector that seeks efficiency to compete in the market, and the nonprofit sector that has civil society logic. The study revealed how more detached demand-driven regulation of nonprofit schools gives them more room to pursue goals different from those of the public sector institutions, which can be contrasted with the supply-driven regulation of nursing homes that have far less room for steering independent of the municipalities. Surprisingly, the results also suggested that small close-knit communities influence institutions in ways that diverge from the hierarchical steering, and that this happens across the sector split. Moreover, regulation and alternative sources of income contribute to making the organization more hybrid, in the sense that the hierarchical steering is challenged.

• Vabø, Mia; Christensen, Karen; Jacobsen, Frode F. & Trætteberg, Håkon Dalby (2013). Marketisation in Norwegian Eldercare: preconditions, trends and resistance. In Szebehely, Marta & Meagher, Gabrielle (Ed.), Marketisation in Nordic eldercare: a research report on legislation, oversight, extent and consequences. Department of Social Work, Stockholm University. p. 163–202.
• Trætteberg, Håken Dalby (2011). animal spirits in iceland. European Political Science. 10(3), p. 301–311. doi: 10.1057/eps.2011.30.

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• Eimhjellen, Ivar; Espegren, Astrid; Mjelde, Hilmar & Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2022). Frivillige aktørers roller i områdesatsinger: En kunnskapsoversikt. Senter for forskning på sivilsamfunn og frivillig sektor. Full text in Research Archive
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu; Sivesind, Karl Henrik; Paananen, Maiju & Hrafnsdóttir, Steinunn (2021). Private Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) in the Nordic Countries: Development and governance of the welfare mix. Institutt for samfunnsforskning. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This report examines the role of private providers of ECEC services in the five Nordic countries: Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland. For each country, we map the ECEC journey from a selective service at the fringes of the welfare state to a universal service at the core of the welfare state. We subsequently analyze the role that non-profit and for-profit providers have played in this development and their position today. We pay special attention to the governing tools used by the Nordic governments to regulate the welfare mix, that is, the division of public, for-profit, and nonprofit providers.

• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu; Eimhjellen, Ivar; Ervik, Rune; Enjolras, Bernard & Skiple, Jon Kåre (2020). Kommunal frivillighetspolitikk og lokale organisasjoner. Senter for forskning på sivilsamfunn og frivillig sektor. Full text in Research Archive
• Lidén, Hilde & Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2019). Aktivitetsplikt for unge mottakere av sosialhjelp: Delrapport 1. Institutt for samfunnsforskning. Full text in Research Archive
• Lidén, Hilde; Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu & Ulvik, Oddbjørg Skjær (2018). Kommunale botiltak for barn og unge: En hvit flekk i velferdsstaten. Institutt for samfunnsforskning. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne rapporten handler om kommunale botiltak. Dagens barnevernlov gir ikke regler om godkjenning, kvalitet og tilsyn med kommunale botiltak for barn og unge, slik det gis for fosterhjem og institusjon. Dette gjør at det er mindre mulighet til innsyn i og kontroll med tiltaket. De vanligste botiltakene for barn og unge er hybel med oppfølging og bofellesskap. Tallet på barn som er plassert i et botiltak, er voksende, både i absolutte tall og som andel av barn plassert utenfor hjemmet. Vi deler gruppen som benytter kommunale botiltak, i tre. Den ene er barn under 18 år med botiltak som frivillig hjelpetiltak under barnevernloven. Den andre gruppen er unge flyktninger som er kommet til landet som enslige mindreårige, og som bosettes i en kommune. Den siste er unge mellom 18 og 23 år som tidligere har hatt tiltak etter barnevernloven, og som har botiltak som del av sitt ettervern. Rapportens hovedkonklusjoner handler for det første om likebehandling. Mangel på minstekrav skaper store forskjeller i botiltak mellom kommunene. Vi finner også vesentlige forskjeller mellom unge flyktninger og andre ungdommer. Videre finner vi at bemanning er den helt sentrale kvalitetsfaktoren. Det må være et uomtvistelig krav om at det er nok ressurser til at hver beboer har minst én voksenperson som denne kan utvikle et fortrolig og tillitsfylt forhold til, og som denne opplever vil ham eller henne det beste. Et tredje sentralt tema er medvirkning. Vi finner at den medvirkningen som finner sted i den løpende kontakten mellom ungdom og ansatte, er avgjørende, men like viktig for å sikre innflytelse over eget liv er formelle kanaler og arenaer for medvirkning. Avslutningsvis anbefaler vi at det innføres en tilsynsordning for kommunale botiltak.

• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu & Lidén, Hilde (2018). Evaluering av moderasjonsordningene for barnehagen: Delrapport 1. Institutt for samfunnsforskning. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Det har siden 2015 eksistert to nasjonale ordninger der familier med dårlig økonomi skal betale redusert pris for barnehage, eventuelt ha gratis kjernetid. Minstekravet i den nasjonale ordningen er at foreldrebetalingen til barnehage ikke skal overstige 6 prosent av husholdningens samlede skattbare person- og kapitalinntekt. Gratis kjernetid utgjør 20 timer gratis barnehage i uken for familier som tilfredsstiller det gjeldende inntektskravet (450 000 kroner per 1. august 2017). Ordningene er iverksatt og håndhevet i kommunene. Analysene viser at kommunene mener at moderasjonsordningene er et godt verktøy for å rekruttere til barnehagebruk, og at den reduserte foreldrebetalingen blir oppfattet som en målrettet støtte til barnefamilier med lav inntekt. Likevel kommer det tydelig fram at det er utfordrende å nå alle familiene i målgruppa med nødvendig informasjon. Det ser dermed ut til at potensialet i moderasjonsordningene som verktøy for økt barnehagebruk ikke er uttømt. Undersøkelsene viser også at det ikke bare er økonomi som er årsak til at familier velger ikke å bruke barnehage, men også forhold som oppfatningen av at det er best for de yngste barna å være sammen med foreldre, bekymring for morsmålsinnlæring, praktiske overgangstilpasninger og manglende tillit til barnehagen. Gitt at barnehagebruken i dag er veldig høy, er det følgelig et åpent spørsmål hvor mye barnehagebruken kan økes gjennom økonomiske virkemidler. For at flere skal benytte seg av moderasjonsordningene, vil det mest effektive være å fjerne søknadsplikten. Alternative tiltak er å utvikle nasjonalt informasjonsmateriell om ordningene samt at kommunene jobber enhetlig på tvers av kommunale enheter og også involverer organisasjoner for å nå flest mulig familier med informasjon.

• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2016). Does welfare mix matter? Active citizenship in public, for-profit and nonprofit schools and nursing homes in Scandinavia . Universitetet i Oslo.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Dalby & Sivesind, Karl Henrik (2015). Distinctiveness and advantages of nonprofit providers of health and care services. Senter for forskning på sivilsamfunn og frivillig sektor. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Non-profit organizations are an important part of the publicly financed health and care services in Norway. This report investigates what sort of advantages and distinctiveness held by the nonprofits that cannot be realized through for-profit or public service providers. The report is written in anticipation of a new EUdirective on public procurement that curtails the opportunity to reserve public tenders for non-profit organization in the health and care service area. Both earlier research and new data inform the conclusions of the report. The international research shows that non-profits often have advantages related to service plurality and choice, trust, social innovation and volunteerism. These features are dependent on financing, steering, and regulation. There is not sufficient research to make clear to what extent nonprofits in Norway provide such advantages and distinctiveness, but representatives from the sector find that the design of public tenders and the purchasers’ control of the services inhibit the opportunities to develop distinctiveness and hence particular advantages.

• Trætteberg, Håkon Dalby (2014). Notat: Aktivt medborgerskap i skoler og sykehjem i Asker kommune En sammenligning av kommunal,profittorientert og ideell drift. Notat: Institutt for samfunnsforskning. Notat 2014(004). Show summary

  Notatet er en oppsummering av feltstudier i Asker kommune vinteren 2013/2014. Studien består av kvalitative undersøkelser innenfor henholdsvis skole- og sykehjemsektoren i kommunen. Formålet med undersøkelsene har vært å kartlegge rommet for aktivt medborgerskap innbyggerne har i møtet med skoler og sykehjem. Særlig fokus har vært rettet mot likheter og forskjeller mellom de henholdsvis kommunale, ideelle og profittorienterte institusjonene. Funnene viser at det er relativt små forskjeller innenfor sykehjemsektoren, noe som tilskrives den betydelige graden av kommunal og statlig regulering av virksomhetsområdet. I skolesektoren er rommet større for variasjon mellom kommunal og ikke-kommunal virksomhet. Dette rommet nyttiggjør den ideelle skolen seg av. De gir seg utslag i at foreldrene i den ideelle skolen har større påvirkning på skolens drift og også bidrar mer i frivillig innsats.

• Trætteberg, Håkon Dalby (2014). Notat: Aktivt medborgerskap i skoler og sykehjem i Steinkjer kommune En sammenligning av kommunal og ideell drift. Notat: Institutt for samfunnsforskning. Notat 2014(005). Show summary

  Notatet er en oppsummering av feltstudier i Steinkjer kommune vinteren 2013/2014. Studien består av kvalitative undersøkelser innenfor henholdsvis skole- og sykehjemsektoren i kommunen. Formålet med undersøkelsene har vært å kartlegge rommet for aktivt medborgerskap innbyggerne har i møtet med skoler og sykehjem. Særlig fokus har vært rettet mot likheter og forskjeller mellom de henholdsvis kommunale og ideelle institusjonene. Funnene viser at det er relativt små forskjeller innenfor sykehjemsektoren, noe som tilskrives den betydelige graden av kommunal og statlig regulering av virksomhetsområdet. I skolesektoren er rommet større for variasjon mellom kommunal og ikke-kommunal virksomhet. Dette rommet nyttiggjør den ideelle skolen seg av. De gir seg utslag i at foreldrene i den ideelle skolen har større påvirkning på skolens drift og også bidrar mer i frivillig innsats. I tillegg kommer det fram at institusjoner som ligger i mindre tettsteder i kommunen opplever et større eierskap fra brukere og lokalmiljø enn institusjoner i bysentrumet.

• Trætteberg, Håkon Dalby (2014). Notat: Aktivt medborgerskap i skolene i Løten kommune.En sammenligning av kommunal og ideell drift. Notat: Institutt for samfunnsforskning. Notat 2014(006). Show summary

  Notatet er en oppsummering av feltstudier i Løten kommune vinteren 2013/2014. Studien består av kvalitative undersøkelser innenfor skolesektoren i kommunen. Formålet med undersøkelsene har vært å kartlegge rommet for aktivt medborgerskap innbyggerne har i møtet med skolene. Særlig fokus har vært rettet mot likheter og forskjeller mellom kommunens ideelle, kristne skole og de kommunale skolene. Funnet er at det er til dels betydelige forskjeller mellom skolene. Dette er i noe grad knyttet til eierskapsstrukturen til den kristne skolen gir den større lokalt handlerom, men også til hvordan det felles verdigrunnlaget til skolen gir engasjerte foreldre. Den kommunale skolen fungerer som en lokalsamfunnsinstitusjon i mye større grad enn den kristne skolen som rekrutterer elever fra flere kommuner. - See more at:

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• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2022). Ideelle og frivillige i Norge – kjennetegn og utviklingstrekk.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu & Enjolras, Bernard Louis (2022). Local Co-production in Norway – The Importance of Institutional Structures.
• Eimhjellen, Ivar; Linden, Tord Skogedal & Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2022). Co-producing Urban Regeneration: the case of area-based initiatives and third sector organizations in Norway.
• Eimhjellen, Ivar; Lindén, Tord Skogedal & Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2022). Third sector organizations in urban regeneration programs: instruments for public policies or active coproductive partners? .
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu; Sivesind, Karl Henrik; Paananen, Maiju & Hrafnsdóttir, Steinunn (2022). Quasi-market regulation in Early Childhood Education and Care - Is a Nordic welfare dimension prevailing? Show summary

  Is there a Nordic model in governance of early childhood education and care (ECEC)? In this paper, we argue that such a model existed for a long time. Nordic ECEC has its roots in the non-profit, voluntary sector and was gradually incorporated in the welfare state. The area thus became the subject of governance through legislation and the directives of elected and appointed officials (Maroy, 2012). This was achieved through public provision supplemented by non-profit actors (Trætteberg, Sivesind, Paananen, & Hrafnsdóttir, 2021). Over the last 25 years, the Nordic countries have chosen different governance strategies. Today each country has a unique combination of (1) quasi-market instruments to encourage private entrepreneurs (Westberg & Larsson, 2020), (2) inspection as a government tool to retain balancing elements of “the evaluative state” (Ball, 2003; Maroy, 2012), and (3) coordination of ECEC establishment within a public bureaucratic system. Through policy documents, public statistics, previous research etc. we document how Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland and Iceland have introduced different governance tools. Furthermore, we demonstrate the consequences of the policy choices: Norway has seen major growth in for-profit providers, Denmark is in the process of banning for-profit providers, and Sweden, Finland and Iceland see developments between these two extremes. The different paths in governance and development of the non-public parts of the sector challenge the notion of a unified Nordic model of ECEC governance. The Nordic countries have similar histories, and goals for high quality welfare services for all, and reduction of social inequality through education and public subsidies. We ask if the change of tools of government, perhaps inadvertently, lead to a change of welfare goals (Sivesind, Trætteberg, & Saglie, 2017)? The Nordic countries represent cases in a “natural experiment” that facilitates the analysing the consequences of different quasi-market tools for the ECEC-sector. Ball, S. J. (2003). The teacher's soul and the terrors of performativity. Journal of Education Policy, 18(2), 215-228. doi:10.1080/0268093022000043065 Maroy, C. (2012). Towards Post-Bureaucratic Modes of Governance : A European Perspective. In G. Steiner-Khamsi & W. Florian (Eds.), World Yearbook of Education 2012. Policy Borrowing and Lending in Education (pp. 62-97): RoutledgeEditors. Sivesind, K. H., Trætteberg, H., & Saglie, J. (2017). The Future of the Scandinavian Welfare Model: User Choice, Parallel Governance Systems, and Active Citizenship. In K. H. Sivesind & J. Saglie (Eds.), Promoting active citizenship? Markets and choice in Scandinavian welfare (pp. 285-310). London: Palgrave. Trætteberg, H. S., Sivesind, K. H., Paananen, M., & Hrafnsdóttir, S. (2021). Private Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) in the Nordic Countries: Development and governance of the welfare mix (8277637128). Retrieved from Westberg, J., & Larsson, E. (2020). Winning the war by losing the battle? The marketization of the expanding preschool sector in Sweden. Journal of Education Policy, 1-18. doi:10.1080/02680939.2020.1861338

• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2022). Lokal frivillighetspolitikk, virker det?
• Sivesind, Karl Henrik; Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu & Fladmoe, Audun (2021). Active citizenship in public and nonprofit schools – the case of Norway. Show summary

  Countries increasingly out-contract public education to private providers to inspire competition and development, but there is limited research on the consequences. This article compares the parents’ room for active citizenship in public and nonprofit compulsory schools in Norway. First, it reviews previous research, theoretical perspectives, and legal and institutional context. Second, it analyses a large-scale parental survey by multi-level regressions (OLS) of school-choice, internal empowerment, external participation in governance, and satisfaction with dialogue and collaboration, while controlling for school- and municipality-level factors. Although parents are in general satisfied, there is a small but significantly higher level in free schoo related to internal empowerment. This indicates that stakeholder influence makes a difference, even in a society promoting active citizenship more broadly in welfare services. Parents’ reasons for choosing free schoo are mainly perceived quality, profile, or previous dissatisfaction, and not location as in public schools. Although just 4.2 percent go to free schoo, the reported motives indicate that the opportunity to choose has strong implications for active citizenship. The Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training conducted the survey in 2018–2019, targeting more than 20 000 parents or guardians of pupils in 160 public and 25 free schools in 45 municipalities.

• Sivesind, Karl Henrik; Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu & Fladmoe, Audun (2021). Active citizenship in public and nonprofit schools.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2021). Frivillige organisasjoners rolle i kommunenes helse og omsorgssektor.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2021). Kvifor frivilligpolitikk i kommunane? Kommunal frivilligheitspolitikk og lokale organisasjonar .
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2020). Et kjapt forskningsblikk: kommuner og frivillige organisasjoner .
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2020). Frvillige organisasjoner og kommunen.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu & Fladmoe, Audun (2020). Correction to: Quality Differences of Public, For-Profit and Nonprofit Providers in Scandinavian Welfare? User Satisfaction in Kindergartens. VOLUNTAS - International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. 31(1), p. 168–168. doi: 10.1007/s11266-020-00193-x.
• Sivesind, Karl Henrik & Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2020). Aktivt medborgerskap i et pluralistisk samfunn. Hvordan kan ideelle og kommersielle velferdsaktører bidra?
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu & Fladmoe, Audun (2019). Private, ideelle barnehager har de mest fornøyde foreldrene. Aftenposten Viten.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2019). Kommunal frivillighetspolitikk og lokale organisasjoner.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2019). Trender i frivillighet og samskaping.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu & Lidén, Hilde (2019). Aktivitetsplikt for unge mottakere av sosialhjelp – En kvalitativ undersøkelse av brukere og ansatte.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2019). Ulike erfaringer med aktivitetsplikt for unge sosialhjelpsmottakere. MEMU -internmagasin NAV.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2019). Trender i frivillighet og frivilliges rolle i profesjonelle organisasjoner .
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2019). Ideelle organisasjoner i norsk velferd.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2019). Endringer i ideelle velferdsaktørers sysselsetting og rolle.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu & Fladmoe, Audun (2019). Active citizenship for all? Evidence from home care services in Oslo, Norway .
• Vabø, Mia; Christensen, Karen; Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu & Frode Fadnes, Jacobsen (2018). Markedsdreining i norsk eldreomsorg, 章　ノルウェーにおける高齢者介護の市場化―背景とトレンド、それに対する抵抗. The Association of Japanese University Presses. p. 293–342.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu & Fladmoe, Audun (2018). User satisfaction with public, for-profit and nonprofit providers in the Scandinavian welfare model: The case of kindergartens in the City of Oslo. Show summary

  One of the most noteworthy developments in recent years in the Scandinavian welfare mix is the growth of non-public welfare providers. This change is politically contested, and a rapid increase in for-profit providers of welfare services has spurred talks of a potential marginalization of the nonprofit sector as the main partner to public providers of welfare. The aim of this paper is to study differences between public, nonprofit and for-profit welfare providers in the Scandinavian welfare context through the opinions of users of kindergartens in Oslo, the capital of Norway. Kindergartens in Norway, irrespective of service provider, are strictly regulated, and the potential for distinctiveness is limited. Relying on a large scale survey on user satisfaction carried out in 2015, satisfaction with different aspects of kindergartens is analyzed. The results suggest that, firstly, a majority of the users are satisfied with kindergartens, and variations between users of public, for-profit and nonprofit providers are limited. Second, although the differences between providers are limited users of nonprofit kindergartens are generally more satisfied than users of for-profit and public kindergartens, and the differences are largest when it comes to satisfaction with physical infrastructure. Third, an important explanation for variations in user satisfaction between kindergartens is the quality of the food service. Food service is of particular interest because food cost is the only cost that varies between kindergartens in Norway. This result therefore indicates that a more lenient regulation could potentially increase provider distinctiveness. The paper ends with a discussion of different theories of why nonprofit kindergartens seem to outperform public and for-profits when it comes to user satisfaction.

• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2018). Ideelle aktører i den skandinaviske velferdsmodellen.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2017). Dag Arne Christensen, Tord Skogedal Lindén, Brita Ytre-Arne og Jacob Aars (red.): Tjenestedemokratiet. Velferdsstaten som arena for deltakelse. Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning. 58(4), p. 447–450. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-291X-2017-04-08.
• Sivesind, Karl Henrik & Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2017). God privat velferd mulig? Undervurderer hindre for effektive velferdsmarkeder. Dagens næringsliv.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2017). Ideelles merverdi - hva er den og hvordan vises den i dag?
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2017). Ideelles merverdi - hva er den og hvordan vises den i dag?
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2016). Welfare mix and active citizenship in Scandinavian schools and nursing homes.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2016). Ideelle organisasjoners særtrekk og merverdi på helse og omsorgsfeltet.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Solbu (2016). Mot en ny skandinavisk velferdsmodell – Ideelle organisasjoners særtrekk og merverdi.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Dalby & Sivesind, Karl Henrik (2015). Ideelle organisasjoners særtrekk og merverdi på helse- og sosialfeltet.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Dalby & Sivesind, Karl Henrik (2015). Velferdsdebattens blinde flekk. Dagbladet.
• Sivesind, Karl Henrik & Trætteberg, Håkon Dalby (2015). Den samfunnsmessige betydningen av ideell sektor.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Dalby (2014). Empowering citizens – is voice and nonprofit choice enough?
• Trætteberg, Håkon Dalby (2014). Public and private welfare providers: Distinctive goals and steering mechanisms in the regulated state?
• Trætteberg, Håkon Dalby (2014). Outsourcing of Scandinavian welfare societies? Consequences of private and nonprofit service provision for active citizenship.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Dalby (2014). Public and Nonprofit Welfare Providers in Norway: Distinctive Goals and Steering Mechanisms in a Dominant State.
• Trætteberg, Håkon Dalby (2013). Private and Public Welfare Providers: What are the Implications for Citizenship Roles? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Universal social services have been, and are, a hallmark of the Scandinavian welfare model. This includes public financing as well as public provision of the services. Public financing of universal services is still an undisputed part of the model, but the provision of the services is becoming more diversified (Sivesind, 2013). In Sweden for-profit provision has over the last 20 years continuously expanded its share of the welfare sector, in Denmark non-profits have over time played an important role within certain welfare sectors, whilst in Norway the public is still the dominant actor, but important political actors want to expand the scope for especially nonprofit actors, but also for for-profit actors. These developments invites to studies that can deepen our understanding of the importance of the provider, given that the universal character of the funding of services remains intact. This project will seek to understand how these changes can influence the room for active citizenship roles. The research question is: How are private and public welfare providers differently associated with active citizenship?

• Trætteberg, Håkon Dalby (2013). Får vi andre medborgerroller når private leverer velferdstjenester?

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