Pål Schøne

• Evensen, Miriam; Cools, Sara; Schøne, Pål & Umblijs, Janis (2026). Neighborhood Concentration of Child Poverty by Immigrant Background: National and City- Level Trends. Child Indicators Research. doi: 10.1007/s12187-026-10412-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Evensen, Miriam; Schøne, Pål & Umblijs, Janis (2026). Home ownership start-up loans and school performance. Journal of Housing Economics. doi: 10.1016/j.jhe.2026.102142. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Housing subsidies are intended to ensure suitable housing for those in need. The associated public policy initiatives are driven by the assumption that homeownership, as opposed to renting, can enhance living conditions, which, in turn, can have positive effects on children’s school performance. This paper analyses the impact of parents’ receiving home ownership start-up loans on their children’s school performance. We utilise high-quality individual administrative register data with a panel dimension to study whether being accepted for a home ownership start-up loan affects children’s national test result in reading and calculus. We apply a stacked difference-in-differences methodology to, first, study the impact of receiving funding on becoming a homeowner, home size and a move occurring within the municipality or not. Following this, we consider the impact of receiving a start-up loan on school performance. We employ entropy balancing weights to balance the treatment and control groups. Our findings suggest that the start-up loan had a significant and positive effect on becoming a homeowner and the size of the home, but we find no significant effects on the children’s school performance, except for a small positive effect on calculus performance for girls. Our results are mainly short term, and future research should also focus on long-term outcomes in the educational system.

• Schøne, Pål & Strøm, Marte (2026). Train or hire? Labour immigration and firms’ investments in the skilling of workers. Labour Economics. 100, p. 1–15. doi: 10.1016/j.labeco.2026.102878. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We investigate whether an increase in labour immigration affects firms’ investments in apprentices. We analyse the building and construction (BaC) industry in Norway during a period when labour immigration into this sector increased considerably, with the largest increase coming after the 2004 EU enlargement. We exploit the dif ference in immigrant inflow across licensed and non-licenced business areas to identify the effect of labour immigration on apprenticeship investments using two empirical approaches: an instrumental variables (IV) framework and a difference-in-differences (DD) framework. We find that the inflow of immigrants reduced firms’ investments in apprentices. The results are robust to several robustness checks.

• Barth, Erling; Dale-Olsen, Harald; Østbakken, Kjersti Misje & Schøne, Pål (2026). Vil den grønne omstillingen fremme innovasjonsaktiviteten i norske foretak? Søkelys på arbeidslivet. 43(1), p. 21–21. doi: 10.18261/spa.43.1.2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Norsk økonomi er i en grønn omstilling. I en omskiftelig verden er det viktig for norske foretak å være innovative. I denne studien stiller vi spørsmålet om foretak som sysselsetter en høy andel personer i grønne yrker, er mer innovative enn andre foretak. Vi besvarer det ved hjelp av populasjonsdekkende administrative registerdata for perioden 2003–2020 koplet til Digitalisering, organisering og teknologi 2020, en storskala-spørreundersøkelse om digitalisering og innovasjonsaktiviteter i privat sektor. Basert på flere yrkesindekser for grønnhet og forurensning viser vi at andelen sysselsatt i grønne yrker øker svakt, mens andelen sysselsatt i klart forurensende yrker avtar noe i perioden. Når vi studerer foretakenes innovasjonsaktiviteter, finner vi at foretak med fremvoksende grønne yrker er klart mer innovative enn andre foretak, både når det gjelder produktinnovasjoner, når det gjelder prosessinnovasjoner, og når det gjelder teknologiske innovasjoner. Foretak med forurensende yrker er derimot klart mindre innovative. Alt i alt viser dette at den grønne omstillingen henger sammen med økt innovasjonsaktivitet i norske foretak.

• Barth, Erling; Røed, Marianne; Schøne, Pål & Umblijs, Janis (2026). Robotene kommer – hvordan omstilles industrien? Søkelys på arbeidslivet. 43(1), p. 21–21. doi: 10.18261/spa.43.1.4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Vi analyserer hvordan robotteknologien påvirker omstillingsprosesser i norsk industri. Mer spesifikt undersøker vi utviklingen i industriforetak før og etter at foretakene tar roboter i bruk. Analysene er basert på norske registerdata og blir gjennomført i to trinn: først en analyse av seleksjonen inn i robotisering, dernest en undersøkelse av hvordan investeringen påvirker utviklingen de første fem årene etter at den er gjennomført. Vi finner en sterk positiv sammenheng mellom sannsynligheten for å investere i robotteknologi og foretakenes størrelse. Etter robotiseringen blir sysselsettingsveksten lavere enn for kontrollgruppen. Det samme gjelder verdiskapningen. Den robotiserte omstillingen går dermed i retning av at veksten i store foretak flater ut eller uteblir, både med hensyn til antall ansatte og når det gjelder nivået på verdiskapningen. Det er de mest produktive foretakene som robotiserer, men når det tas hensyn til at de som investerer i roboter, har en vesentlig høyere kunnskapskapital enn andre, er foretak som robotiserer, i utgangspunktet mindre produktive enn dem som ikke gjør det.

• Røed, Marianne; Schøne, Pål & Strøm, Marte (2025). How important is girls’ ‘Biological Head Start’ in explaining gender differences in education and the labour market? Economics and Human Biology. 56. doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101466. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We investigate whether gender differences in physical maturity during adolescence can explain gender differences in educational and labour market performance. Using survey data with measures of physical maturity linked to register data on education and labour market outcomes, we analyse the importance of physical maturity for gender differences in both the short and long terms. The results show that that gender differences in physical maturity partially explain both the gender gap in educational performance (in girls’ favour) and the gender gap in labour market outcomes at age 33 (in boys’ favour). Taken together, the results suggest that girls’ physical head start gives them an advantage in the schooling system and that this advantage continues long into adulthood, indicating that the head start has long-lasting cumulative effects on learning.

• Hardoy, Ines & Schøne, Pål (2025). Roboter og opplæring i norsk arbeidsliv: Omfang og kjønnsforskjeller. Søkelys på arbeidslivet. doi: 10.18261/spa.42.1.3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Økt bruk av roboter har vært en viktig del av den teknologiske utviklingen de siste tiårene. Roboter kan, til forskjellfra tidligere teknologiske nyvinninger, utføre oppgaver selvstendig, uten menneskelig intervensjon. Dermed kan deutgjøre en trussel for arbeidstakere som utfører arbeidsoppgaver som roboter kan erstatte. For å avhjelpe muligenegative virkninger av innføring av roboter har det blitt økt oppmerksomhet om betydningen av opplæring ogomskolering i arbeidslivet. I denne artikkelen studerer vi sammenhengen mellom å være i en jobb eksponert forrobotisering, og investering i opplæring. Vi finner at i) menn er mer utsatte enn kvinner for roboter i norskarbeidsliv, ii) det er en negativ sammenheng mellom å ha en jobb som er eksponert for roboter, og sannsynlighetenfor å delta i opplæring for både kvinner og menn, og iii) å være eksponert for roboter henger også negativt sammenmed både sysselsetting og lønn omtrent to år mål på roboteksponering. Disse sammenhengene er omtrent likesterke for menn og kvinner.

• Barth, Erling; Røed, Marianne; Schøne, Pål & Umblijs, Janis (2025). Winners and losers when firms robotize: wage effects across occupations and education. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics. doi: 10.1111/sjoe.12593. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper analyses the impact of robots on workers' wages in the manufacturing sector, with a particular focus on relative wages for workers with different levels of education and in different occupations. Using high-quality matched employer–employee register data with firm-level information on the introduction of industrial robots, we identify the effects of robotization on relative wages within firms. Skilled blue-collar workers with a vocational degree experience a decline in wages when firms introduce robots, while there are only small effects for the other groups of workers. These results suggest that robots are substitutes for tasks undertaken by skilled blue-collar workers in manufacturing, and furthermore that the adoption of robots contributes to a polarization of the labour market and a hollowing out of the wage distribution, rather than to skill-biased technical change.

• Umblijs, Janis; Schøne, Pål & Finseraas, Henning (2024). Automation and worker organisation. Applied Economics Letters. doi: 10.1080/13504851.2024.2363272. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this study, we estimate the effect of workplace automation on the probability of unionization,examining different worker groups in the manufacturing sector in Norway. The results show thatautomation increases the probability of unionization for the most exposed workers. This group ofworkers is the most negatively affected in terms of employment and wages, suggesting that theincrease in unionization rates is a response to job and wage uncertainty arising from automation

• Barth, Erling; Dale-Olsen, Harald; Schøne, Pål & Østbakken, Kjersti Misje (2024). Chutes and Ladders? Job Opportunities for Generation Covid. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies. doi: 10.18291/njwls.149979. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Focusing on jobs for youth, this study analyzes the development of job postings in Norway during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Jobs for youth are defined by the top 20 three-digit occupations for young workers, and postings for these occupations took a heavier hit than other jobs during the pandemic. We also identify the top 20 occupations for entrants immediately after completing their highest education to reveal that, during the pandemic, entry jobs for young people with lower education declined the most. Using 2018 and 2019 as reference years, we show that the decline started before ‘lockdown’ policies were in place but worsened during the lockdown. As the economy reopened, job posting rates improved but did not reach the 2018 and 2019 levels.

• Brekke, Jan-Paul; Røed, Marianne & Schøne, Pål (2023). Family Matters: The Impact of National Policies on Asylum Destinations. International Migration Review. doi: 10.1177/01979183231187620. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In political and academic debates, a knowledge gap exists regarding the impact of different strands of national policies on the number of asylum arrivals. This article analyzes the effects of policy reforms on the distribution of asylum seekers among a group of major European receiving countries. More specifically, we study significant changes in the legislation that regulate the following three areas: (i) access to the asylum procedure, (ii) the asylum processing, and (iii) the family reunification and family formation. Empirically, we study how national reforms within these policy areas in nine Northwestern European destination countries affect the distribution of yearly outflows from 48 countries of origin, during the period 1985 to 2015. Applying a statistical approach, which accounts for simultaneous changes in other destination countries’ asylum policies, we conclude that more restrictive legislation appears to have significant effects on the distribution of asylum seekers among destination countries. In relative terms, restrictions that make reunification with current and future family less probable have the strongest negative influence, followed by tightening of the rules that govern the outcome of the asylum procedures.

• Barth, Erling; Dale-Olsen, Harald; Schøne, Pål & Østbakken, Kjersti Misje (2022). Er arbeidsmarkedet blitt mindre stramt etter covid? Magma forskning og viten. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Stramhet på arbeidsmarkedet måles ved forholdet mellom antall ledige stillinger som bedrifter ønsker å fylle, og antall som ikke er i jobb, men søker arbeid. Situasjonen under pandemien skiller seg fra tidligere erfaringer ved at antall permitterte skjøt kraftig i været. Siden NAVs tall for helt ledige også inkluderer helt permitterte, som har en lavere søkeaktivitet enn ledige uten jobb, får vi et skjevt bilde av stramheten på arbeidsmarkedet når vi bare teller opp antall utlysninger per helt ledige på vanlig måte. I denne artikkelen undersøker vi derfor hvordan stram­heten i arbeidsmarkedet har utviklet seg gjennom pandemien når vi korrigerer stramhets­indikatoren for antall permitterte. I motsetning til hva som har vært tilfellet tidligere, spiller denne korreksjonen en stor rolle for vår for­ståelse av stram­heten i arbeidsmarkedet. Vi ser også på stramhets­indikatoren for yrkesgrupper som er ulikt rammet av pandemien. Korrigerte tall viser at arbeidsmarkedet var svært stramt da samfunnet åpnet opp igjen siste høst.

• Bonesrønning, Hans; Finseraas, Henning; Hardoy, Ines; Iversen, Jon Marius Vaag; Nyhus, Ole Henning & Opheim, Vibeke [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Small-group instruction to improve student performance in mathematics in early grades: Results from a randomized field experiment. Journal of Public Economics. 216. doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2022.104765. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We investigate whether small-group instruction improves student performance in mathematics in the early grades using a large-scale RCT covering 159 Norwegian schools over four years. The students 7–9 years old - are pulled out from their regular mathematics classes into small, homogenous groups of 4–6 students for mathematics instruction for 3 to 4 h per week, for two periods of 4–6 weeks per school year. Unlike many other recent tutoring experiments, all students are pulled out, not only strug- gling students. In our intention-to-treat analysis, we find that students in treatment schools increased their performance by 0.06 of a standard deviation in national tests, with no differential effect by baseline test score level, parental education, or gender. Our study is particularly relevant for policy-makers seek- ing to use additional teaching resources to target a heterogeneous student population efficiently.

• Schøne, Pål & Strøm, Marte (2021). International labor market competition and wives’ labor supply responses. Labour Economics. 70(June). doi: 10.1016/j.labeco.2021.101983. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We examine how the 2004 European Union (EU) enlargement to Eastern European countries affected the employment, earnings and share of home production among workers employed in the Building and Construction industry and their wives. We use licensing requirements to divide workers into two groups who are more and less exposed to labor market competition. We find that exposed workers experience a fall in labor earnings relative to sheltered workers after the EU enlargement. Increased wife labor supply and earnings compensate around one third of the loss. We do not find a similar change in the division of labor in home production measured by the share of parental leave. Having small children does not constrain the labor market responses of the wives.

• Cools, Sara & Schøne, Pål (2019). Overgang fra utdanning til arbeid blant høyt utdannede etterkommere av innvandrere. Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning (TfS). 60(2), p. 140–165. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-291X-2019-02-02. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Til tross for en voksende litteratur om hvordan barn av ikke-vestlige innvandrere i Norge gjør det i arbeidslivet, sammenliknet med barn av norskfødte foreldre, finnes det begrenset med kvantitativ forskning om hvordan slike forskjeller utspiller seg helt i toppen av utdanningsfordelingen: Hvilken betydning har innvandrerbakgrunn for dem som har fullført en mastergrad? Vi studerer ansettelser, timelønn og årsinntekt for denne spesielle gruppen i Norge, med spesielt fokus på å holde formelle kvalifikasjoner konstant. Hvordan gjør de det, sammenlignet med like høyt utdannede som har norskfødte foreldre? Vi finner at masterutdannede norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre har lavere sysselsetting og årsinntekt – men høyere timelønn i snitt – enn masterutdannede med norskfødte foreldre. Forskjellen i timelønn, som i utgangspunktet kun gjelder blant kvinner, snus til å bli negativ så snart vi kontrollerer for studieretning. Blant dem som har fullført mastergraden ved en av de store utdanningsinstitusjonene i Norge er imidlertid forskjellene etter innvandrerbakgrunn langt mindre, og ikke statistisk signifikante når det gjelder ansettelse og årsinntekt. Men også i dette utvalget har menn med innvandrerbakgrunn lavere timelønn enn menn fra majoriteten, og dette gapet består selv etter å ha kontrollert for studieinstitusjon og karakterer i høyere utdanning. Gode karakterer i høyere utdanning er – som ventet – forbundet med høyere sysselsetting, timelønn og årsinntekt, men det er ikke systematiske forskjeller i betydningen av karakterer etter innvandrerbakgrunn

• Schøne, Pål; Simson, Kristine von & Strøm, Marte (2019). Peer gender and educational Choices. Empirical Economics. doi: 10.1007/s00181-019-01697-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We use idiosyncratic variation in gender composition across cohorts within Norwegian lower secondary schools to analyze the impact of female peers on students’ educational choices. We find that having more female peers in lower secondary school increases the probability of choosing STEM over language subjects in upper secondary school for both girls and boys. It also increases the probability of choosing a vocational track instead of an academic track. Registry data and survey evidence suggest that potential mechanisms are related to relative performance in STEM subjects, as well as less gender discrimination for girls and increased willingness to compete for boys.

• Finseraas, Henning; Røed, Marianne & Schøne, Pål (2019). Labour immigration and union strength. European Union Politics. 21(1), p. 3–23. doi: 10.1177/1465116519881194. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Is labour mobility in the European Union a threat to the strength of unions? We argue that the combination of cheap labour, workforce heterogeneity and low unionisation among labour immigrants is a potential challenge for unions. The challenge will be severe if immigration affects natives’ unionisation. We use Norwegian administrative data in a natural experiment framework to examine this claim. The 2004 European Union expansion led to a rapid increase in labour migration to the building and construction industry, but licensing demands protected some workers from the labour supply shock.We show negative labour market effects for workers exposed to labour immigration, but no effect on union membership. Our results question theories of unionisation and are relevant for research on immigration, political behaviour and collective action.

• Barth, Erling; Keute, Anna Lene; Schøne, Pål; Simson, Kristine von & Steffensen, Kjartan (2019). NEET Status and Early versus Later Skills among Young Adults: Evidence from linked register-PIAAC data. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. doi: 10.1080/00313831.2019.1659403. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Do skills protect against exclusion in adult ages, and how important are the skills acquired before the age of 16 years versus those acquired later on? We match the scores on numeracy and literacy skills from the 2011 PIAAC for young adults backwards to grade point average (GPA) data from compulsory school education, measured at the age of 16 years (GPA16), and forwards to employment and education register data 2 years after the PIAAC test. There is a high correlation between GPA16 and PIAAC scores even when controlling for parental background, health status, and completion of post-compulsory school education. Including both GPA16 and PIAAC scores in a model of the probability of NEET status 2 years after the PIAAC test shows three times as large differences associated with GPA16 scores than with PIAAC scores, even though the PIAAC test is taken closer in time than the GPA16 results.

• Hardoy, Ines; Mastekaasa, Arne & Schøne, Pål (2018). Immigrant concentration and student outcomes in upper secondary schools: Norwegian evidence. European Societies. 20(2), p. 301–321. doi: 10.1080/14616696.2017.1402120. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We analyse the effects of immigrant concentration on two measures of native students’ outcomes in upper secondary schools in Norway, completion and exam grades. Administrative data for full cohorts of new students 2002-2008 are employed. To take into account potential selection effects, we rely mainly on models with fixed school and educational programme effects. The analyses present a consistent picture: Immigrant concentration seems to have no effect on either school completion or grades. Sensitivity analyses provide further evidence that these results hold across subsamples and when various methodological problems are addressed. Our results do not lend support to policies aimed to redistribute immigrants’ students more evenly across schools.

• Cools, Sara; Schøne, Pål & Strøm, Marte (2017). Forskyvninger i skolestart: Hvilken rolle spiller kjønn og sosial bakgrunn? Søkelys på arbeidslivet. 34(4), p. 273–289. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-7989-2017-04-03. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Regelen i norsk skole er at barn begynner på skolen det kalenderåret de fyller 6 år. Vi ser på mønsteret i utsatt og fremskutt skolestart etter kjønn og foreldrenes utdanning. Gutter født i siste kvartal av året har 2,3 prosentpoeng høyere sannsynlighet for utsatt skolestart enn jenter, mens gutter født i første kvartal av året har 2,2 prosentpoeng lavere sannsynlighet for fremskutt skolestart enn jenter. Barn av foreldre med høyere utdanning har lavere sannsynlighet for utsatt og høyere sannsynlighet for fremskutt skolestart. Utsatt (fremskutt) skolestart er negativt (positivt) korrelert med antall grunnskolepoeng og fullføring av videregående skole.

• Finseraas, Henning; Røed, Marianne & Schøne, Pål (2017). Labor market competition with immigrants and political polarization. Quarterly Journal of Political Science. 12(3), p. 347–373. doi: 10.1561/100.00016109. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The political consequences of economic globalization has lately been fiercely debated across Europe and the United States, including the role of labor immigration. In this paper we study the party choices of voters facing labor market competition from immigration. To identify the effect of labor market competition we introduce the national skill cell approach, which is designed to isolate a direct partial effect of immigrant competition. By access to detailed, population-wide, administrative data, we get precise measures of Norwegian voters' exposure to competition, and we relate this measure to voting behavior in five national elections. We find a polarizing effect of immigration among voters experiencing negative wage effects of immigration. The polarization points to the existence of a protectionist and a compensatory response, and we propose that predetermined ideological convictions determine the response.

• Hardoy, Ines; Schøne, Pål & Østbakken, Kjersti Misje (2017). Kjønnsforskjeller i ledelse: Kohort eller -livsløp? Søkelys på arbeidslivet. 34(1-2), p. 95–107. doi: 10.18261/issn-1504-7989-2017-01-02-06. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Kvinner er fortsatt underrepresentert i lederposisjoner. I denne artikkelen undersøker vi om den lave andelen kvinner i lederstillinger kan tilbakeføres til forskjeller mellom kohorter eller om dette er en konsekvens av valg og muligheter gjennom livsløpet. Dersom kjønnsforskjellene i ledelse skyldes kohortforskjeller, ved at forskjellen er større blant eldre arbeidstakerne enn blant yngre, vil vi forvente at kjønnsforskjellene i ledelse reduseres over tid.Motsatt, dersom kjønnsforskjellene skyldes livsløpsforskjeller, så vil vi forvente at kjønnsforskjellen i ledelse øker med alder, når de unge kohortene blir eldre. Resultater fra denne artikkelen viser at det er kjønnsforskjeller i ledelse gjennom yrkeslivet som er hovedforklaringen.

• Hardoy, Ines; Schøne, Pål & Østbakken, Kjersti Misje (2017). Children and the gender gap in management. Labour Economics. 47, p. 124–137. doi: 10.1016/j.labeco.2017.05.009. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Women are typically less likely to hold management positions than men. Despite the converging roles of men and women in several labour market outcomes, the gender management gap is persistent. In this paper, we analyse the impact of children on the gender gap in management, focussing on the within-couple gap, allowing us to control for both observed and unobserved attributes of the spouse. The main findings suggest that the gender gap in management increases considerably after the arrival of the first child. Nine years after the birth of the firstborn child, the male–female gap in management has increased by approximately 5 percentage points. Heterogeneity analyses suggest that the gender gap is wider, and gets steeper over time, for couples where the father has a management education or higher education, compared to the gap for the overall sample. In households where the spouses share the parental leave and the mother returns to full-time employment after the leave, the increase in the gender management gap is much smaller, and it is no longer significant towards the end of the period.

• Brekke, Jan-Paul; Røed, Marianne & Schøne, Pål (2016). Reduction or deflection? The effect of asylum policy on interconnected asylum flows. Migration Studies. 5(1), p. 65–96. doi: 10.1093/migration/mnw028. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In 2015 Europe experienced an almost unprecedented number of asylum arrivals. The result was a revitalization of both the political and academic debates on the relationship between asylum policies and arrivals. In this article we study the core of this debate, namely the effects of asylum policy on asylum flows. We examine what recent European history of asylum regimes and arrivals tells us. The policy changes are examined both with regard to their direct effect on the flows to the country that made the changes, and with regard to their impact on the inflows to other countries. Finally, we analyze the policy effect on the total outflow from the sending countries. The findings clearly suggest that both a direct effect and a deflection effect are at work. The results also indicate that stricter asylum policies in the destination clusters reduce the total outflow of asylum seekers.

• Røed, Marianne & Schøne, Pål (2016). Impact of Immigration on Inhabitants' Educational Investments. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics. 118(3), p. 433–462. doi: 10.1111/sjoe.12159. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We examine whether immigration into the labour market of the building and construction (BaC) industry affects enrolment in vocational programmes that teach the skills required in this industry. Results suggest that a higher supply of immigrant labour is associated with lower enrolment into programmes teaching BaC skills. The strength of this relationship increases according to the grades that the students achieved in lower secondary school. This finding indicates that the negative effect of immigration on educational recruitment is mainly caused by students who turn away from these programmes, rather than a reduction in apprenticeship positions offered by employers.

• Finseraas, Henning; Hardoy, Ines & Schøne, Pål (2016). School enrolment and mothers’ labor supply: evidence from a regression discontinuity approach. Review of Economics of the Household. p. 1–18. doi: 10.1007/s11150-016-9350-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We analyze the impact on maternal employment of a universal school reform in Norway which lowered the school starting age from seven to six. We use a regression discontinuity approach exploiting exogenous variation in the compulsory school enrollment rule caused by the reform. Our results reveal positive short-term effects on labor supply (approximately five percentage points) and on earnings (about 12600/1350 NOK/Euro). Subgroup analyses show that the positive effects are much stronger for mothers with low wage potential, a group of mothers that were less likely to use formal childcare prior to the reform. The positive effects for this subgroup of mothers suggest that expanding child-care can be an effective tool for increasing labor supply of mothers who previously had relatively low labor market earnings potential.

• Barth, Erling; Schøne, Pål & Simson, Kristine von (2016). Sammenhengen mellom ferdigheter fra ungdomsskolen og ferdigheter i PIAAC-undersøkelsen. Søkelys på arbeidslivet. 33(4), p. 349–359. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-7989-2016-04-04. Full text in Research Archive
• Finseraas, Henning & Schøne, Pål (2016). Lokalt etterspørselssjokk, mobilisering av arbeidskraft og trygdebruk. Søkelys på arbeidslivet. 33(1/2), p. 66–84. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-7989-2016-01-02-04. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Tidligere forskning har vist at negative etterspørselssjokk som for eksempel bedriftsnedleggelser har ført til at strømmen til uførhet har økt. Disse resultatene indikerer at uføretilbøyeligheten er påvirket av lokale variasjoner i etterspørselen. I denne artikkelen benytter vi et lokalt positivt etterspørselssjokk for å se om også et positivt sjokk kan påvirke uføretilbøyeligheten. Konkret benytter vi utbyggingen av Snøhvit-gassfeltet utenfor Hammerfest, som ledet til en økning i den lokale etterspørselen i Hammerfest. Resultatene viser at sysselsetting og lønninger økte i Hammerfest i løpet av anleggsperioden, og uføretilbøyeligheten falt noe på slutten av perioden. Disse endringene er imidlertid drevet av personer som flytter til Hammerfest som en respons på det positive sjokket.

• Dale-Olsen, Harald; Østbakken, Kjersti Misje & Schøne, Pål (2015). Imitation, Contagion, or Exertion? Using a Tax Reform to Reveal How Colleagues' Sick Leaves Influence Worker Behaviour. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics. 117(1), p. 57–83. doi: 10.1111/sjoe.12082. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We analyse the social interaction effects in sick-leave behaviour in the workplace, using high-quality Norwegian matched employer–employee data with detailed individual information on sick leaves during the 2004–2006 period. We find that social interaction effects in sick-leave behaviour in the workplace do exist, and that the effects are noticeable in size. The strong relationship between the sick-leave rates among colleagues is not solely the result of contagious diseases, nor is it caused by improved informational quality or by the increased workload for the non-absent workers. Evidence supports the existence of reciprocal worker behaviour that is unrelated to joint leisure-seeking activities.

• Hardoy, Ines & Schøne, Pål (2015). Enticing even higher female labor supply: the impact of cheaper day care. Review of Economics of the Household. 13(4), p. 815–836. doi: 10.1007/s11150-013-9215-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Schøne, Pål (2015). Opplæring i norske virksomheter: Utvikling og fordeling. In Dale-Olsen, Harald (Eds.), Norsk arbeidsliv i turbulente tider. Gyldendal Akademisk. p. 105–120. Full text in Research Archive
• Bratsberg, Bernt & Schøne, Pål (2015). Integrering eller segmentering? Sysselsetting etter innvandringsgrunn. In Dale-Olsen, Harald (Eds.), Norsk arbeidsliv i turbulente tider. Gyldendal Akademisk. p. 202–219. Full text in Research Archive
• Pedersen, Axel West; Finseraas, Henning & Schøne, Pål (2015). Økonomiske insentiver i trygdesystemet. In Bay, Ann-Helén; Hagelund, Anniken & Hatland, Aksel (Ed.), For mange på trygd? : Velferdspolitiske spenninger. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. p. 78–106. Full text in Research Archive
• Hardoy, Ines; Mastekaasa, Arne & Schøne, Pål (2015). Lærernes kompetanse og elevenes resultater: Er det noen sammenheng? Samfunnsøkonomen. 129(5), p. 50–57. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Lærerens betydning for elevprestasjoner er vel anerkjent. Forskningslitteraturen synes å være enig om at lærerens kvalitet teller for elevenes resultater, men det er fortsatt usikkerhet med hensyn til hvilke egenskaper som best fanger lærerkvalitet. I denne artikkelen tester vi betydningen av noen sentrale observerte kjennetegn ved lærere i videregående skole i Norge, yrkeserfaring, ansiennitet, karakterer fra universitet eller høyskole, og utdanningslengde. Ved hjelp av registerdata som dekker alle elever og lærere i perioden 2003-2008, finner vi at elever som går på skoler med erfarne lærere, høyt utdannede lærere, og mange lærere som fikk gode karakterer under lærerutdanningen, ikke presterer bedre enn andre elever. Det er imidlertid en positiv sammenheng mellom lærernes ansiennitet og elevenes karakterer, selv om den er svak.

• Røed, Marianne & Schøne, Pål (2015). Displacement and Immigrant Workers' Responsiveness to Regional Labour Market Opportunities: Evidence from Norway. Regional studies. 49(6), p. 1056–1073. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2013.799771. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper answers two main questions. First, are immigrants more mobile than natives following job displacement? The results show that immigrants are indeed more mobile than natives following job displacement; however, the difference is fully explained by a compositional effect – immigrants have much shorter potential work experience in Norway than natives. Second, are immigrants more responsive than natives to differences in regional labour market opportunities following job displacement? The results show that displaced Western immigrants are more responsive to differences in regional labour market opportunities compared with both non-Western immigrants and natives. The greasing effects are limited to immigrants with low mobility costs.

• Østbakken, Kjersti Misje; Dale-Olsen, Harald & Schøne, Pål (2015). Kjønnsbalanse i styrer og kvinners karriére. In Teigen, Mari (Eds.), Virkninger av kjønnskvotering i norsk næringsliv. Gyldendal Akademisk. p. 120–138. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I denne boka presenterer forfatterne den første brede undersøkelsen av virkningene av det norske lovkravet om kjønnsbalanse I bedriftsstyrer. Målet med noka er å bidra til analyse, kunnskap og refleksjon om betingelsene for likestillingsutvikling I næringslivet og om kjønnskvotering som likestillingspolitisk virkemiddel.

• Schøne, Pål (2015). Kvinner, barn og valg av sektor: Har offentlig sektor fortsatt en tiltrekning? Søkelys på arbeidslivet. 32(4), p. 360–376. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Offentlig sektor er kvinnedominert. Vi analyserer betydningen av barn for kvinners valg av offentlig sektor. Er det slik at offentlig sektor har en tiltrekning på kvinner i småbarnsfasen? Resultatene viser at offentlig sektor har en tiltrekningskraft for kvinner med barn. Kvinner med barn har høyere sannsynlighet for å arbeide i offentlig sektor sammenlignet med kvinner uten barn, og denne forskjellen øker med antall barn. Videre finner vi at deler av kvinners seleksjon inn i offentlig sektor skjer i perioden med barnefødsler og senere småbarnsfase. Hvordan kan vi forklare dette funnet? Dersom kvinner oppfatter offentlig sektor som en mer «familievennlig» sektor enn privat sektor, for eksempel ved at tilgangen på deltidsarbeid er større, og kvinner mer enn menn setter pris på slike kjennetegn, kan det føre til at kvinner i større grad enn menn velger denne sektoren, og da spesielt i perioder av livet hvor man har store familiære forpliktelser.

• Hardoy, Ines & Schøne, Pål (2014). Displacement and household adaptation: Insured by the spouse or the state? Journal of Population Economics. 27(3), p. 683–703. doi: 10.1007/s00148-013-0469-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Hardoy, Ines & Schøne, Pål (2014). Returns to pre-immigration education for non-western immigrants: why so low? Education Economics. 22(1), p. 48–72. doi: 10.1080/09645292.2010.511846. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale-Olsen, Harald; Røed, Marianne & Schøne, Pål (2014). Makt til å diskriminere? Søkelys på arbeidslivet. 31(4), p. 311–328. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Blir innvandrere i Norge underbetalt fordi de har en svakere stilling i arbeidsmarkedet enn andre? I denne artikkelen undersøker vi om lønnsforskjeller mellom menn fra innvandrer- og majoritetsbefolkningen kan forklares av at arbeidsgiverne har ulik markedsmakt over arbeidstakere fra disse gruppene. De som har færre og dårligere alternativer, vil trolig i mindre grad slutte i jobben når lønna reduseres. Hvis dette gjelder for innvandrere, kan arbeidsgivere tilby dem lavere lønn uten at de reduserer sitt arbeidstilbud. Analysene i denne artikkelen viser at lønnsgapet mellom menn fra majoritets-og innvandrerbefolkningen er betydelig. De viser også at innvandrere i mindre gard slutter i jobben hvis lønna reduseres. Dette gjelder særlig for innvandrere med bakgrunn fra fattige land utenfor OECD.

• Barth, Erling; Hardoy, Ines; Schøne, Pål & Østbakken, Kjersti Misje (2014). Hva betyr høy yrkesdeltakelse for kjønnssegregering? In Reisel, Liza & Teigen, Mari (Ed.), Kjønnsdeling og etniske skiller på arbeidsmarkedet. Gyldendal Akademisk. p. 108–118. Full text in Research Archive
• Hardoy, Ines & Schøne, Pål (2014). Does the impact of plant closure on labour market attachment differ between immigrants and native workers across the business cycle? Empirical Economics. 46(1), p. 229–252. doi: 10.1007/s00181-012-0676-z. Full text in Research Archive
• Brekke, Idunn & Schøne, Pål (2014). Long sickness absence differences between natives and immigrant workers: The role of differences in self-reported health. Journal of International Migration and Integration. 15(2), p. 217–235. doi: 10.1007/s12134-013-0276-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Bratsberg, Bernt; Raaum, Oddbjørn; Røed, Marianne & Schøne, Pål (2014). Immigration wage effects by origin. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics. 116(2), p. 356–393. doi: 10.1111/sjoe.12053. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We estimate the direct partial wage effects of immigrant-induced increases in labor supply, using the national skill cell approach with longitudinal records drawn from Norwegian administrative registers. The results show overall negative but heterogeneous wage effects, with larger effects on immigrant wages than on native wages and with native wages more responsive to inflows from Nordic countries than from developing countries. These patterns are consistent with natives and Nordic citizens being close substitutes, while natives and immigrants from developing countries are imperfect substitutes. Estimates are sensitive to accounting for effective immigrant experience, selective native participation, and variation in demand conditions and native labor supply.

• Røed, Marianne & Schøne, Pål (2013). Immigration and native investments in human capital. Nordic Economic Policy Review. p. 105–129. Full text in Research Archive
• Brekke, Idunn; Røed, Marianne & Schøne, Pål (2013). Påvirker innvandring investeringen i utdanning? Søkelys på arbeidslivet. 30(3), p. 169–188. Full text in Research Archive
• Hardoy, Ines & Schøne, Pål (2013). Does the clustering of immigrant peers affect the school performance of natives? Journal of Human Capital. 7(1), p. 1–25. doi: 10.1086/669680. Full text in Research Archive
• Hardoy, Ines & Schøne, Pål (2013). No Youth Left behind? The Long-Term Impact of Displacement on Young Workers. Kyklos (Basel). 66(3), p. 342–364. doi: 10.1111/kykl.12025. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We investigate short- and long-term impacts on labour market outcomes of experiencing a displacement for young workers. The period under study is 2000–2009. The end of the observation period is characterised by a shrinking labour market, coinciding with the start of the financial crisis. The main merit of the study is the inclusion of a wide battery of dependent variables. In general we find sizeable short-term effect on both unemployment and wage-employment. Furthermore, the results indicate that displacement has a long-term negative effect on wage employment. Part of this pattern seems to be masked by an increased likelihood of self-employment. A positive effect on self-employment is desirable from a policy perspective. Finally, among those who are employed in the final observation year, we find a small negative effect of displacement on hourly wages. This is solely explained by the foregone work experience of the displaced workers in the years after displacement.

• Dale-Olsen, Harald; Schøne, Pål & Verner, Mette (2013). Diversity among Norwegian boards of directors: does a quota for women improve firm performance? Feminist Economics. 19(4), p. 110–135. doi: 10.1080/13545701.2013.830188. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Exploiting the Norwegian boards of directors’ quota reform of 2003, this study evaluates the impact of increased diversity on firm performance. Applying difference-in-difference approaches to accounting data covering the period 2003–07, the paper compares the return on assets for non-finance public limited companies (PLCs) and ordinary limited companies (LTDs), whereof only the former were affected by the reform. The impact of the reform on firm performance is negligible. Neither changed return on total assets (ROA) nor changed operating revenues and cost can be attributed to the reform. However, following the reform PLCs have to a larger extent accumulated capital, financed by debt or by a combination of debt and own capital.

• Brekke, Idunn & Schøne, Pål (2013). Kan forskjeller i sykefravær mellom innvandrerbefolkningen og majoritetsbefolkningen forklares med forskjeller i selvrapportert helse? Søkelys på arbeidslivet. 30(1-2), p. 40–53. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-7989-2016-04-04. Full text in Research Archive
• Rosholm, Michael; Røed, Marianne & Schøne, Pål (2013). Are new work practices and new technologies biased against immigrant workers? International journal of manpower. 34(8), p. 995–1014. doi: 10.1108/IJM-07-2013-0178. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose – To analyse if introduction of new technologies and work practices are negatively related to the employment opportunities of immigrants. Design/methodology/approach – A representative plant level panel survey merged with register data is used. Random effect regression Tobit models are estimated. The dependent variable is wage costs share of immigrants at the plant. The important explanatory variables are measures of new technologies and work practices. Findings – The results show that workplaces where employees use personal computers (PCs) intensively and have broad autonomy hire fewer non-Western immigrants who have not been raised in Norway. The negative relationship is especially strong for low-skilled non-Western immigrants. Practical implications – Future work is desired to confirm the results obtained in our study. Access to data with reliable instrument variables for technology and new work practices would be especially helpful. Our results tend to favour integration policies, which provide immigrants with language training combined with general information about the receiving country Originality/value – The estimation framework for studying this topic is new. We also present original evidence on the relationship between characteristics of the “new” economy and demand for immigrant workers.

• Dale-Olsen, Harald; Schøne, Pål & Verner, Mette (2012). Women on Boards of Directors and Firm Performance: Evidence from Denmark and Norway. In Engelstad, Fredrik & Teigen, Mari (Ed.), Firms, Boards and Gender Quotas: Comparative Perspectives. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. p. 211–234. doi: 10.1108/s0195-6310(2012)0000029011. Full text in Research Archive

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• Hardoy, Ines & Schøne, Pål (2025). Foreldres arbeidsmarkedssituasjon i koronaperioden og utfall for barna. Institutt for samfunnsforskning. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne rapporten undersøker på hvorvidt mer usikre utsikter for foreldrene på arbeidsmarkedet – som følge av koronapandemien – også påvirket barnas skoleprestasjoner og psykiske helse.

• Barth, Erling; Dale-Olsen, Harald; Schøne, Pål & Østbakken, Kjersti Misje (2021). Chutes and ladders? Job Opportunities for Generation Covid. IZA Institute of labor economics. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  With a focus on jobs for youth, this paper analyses the development of job postings in Norway during the first and second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Jobs for youth are defined by the top 20 3-digit occupations for young workers. Job postings in these occupations took a larger hit than other jobs. We also identify the top 20 occupations for entrants right after completed highest education. Separate analyses by education reveal that entry jobs for young people with lower education declined the most during the pandemic. Using a difference in difference framework with 2018 and 2019 as reference years, we show that the decline started before “lock-down” policies were in place, but that the decline was even larger during the lock-down. Concurrent with re-opening phases in the economy, job posting rates improved, but did not reach the levels comparable to those in 2018 and 2019.

• Barth, Erling; Røed, Marianne; Schøne, Pål & Umblijs, Janis (2020). How Robots Change Within-Firm Wage Inequality. IZA Institute of Labor Economics. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Using novel matched employer-employee register data with firm-level information on the introduction of industrial robots, this paper analysis the impact of robots on the wages of workers in the manufacturing sector. The results show that industrial robots increase wages for high-skilled workers relative to low-skilled workers, hence robots increase the skill-premium within firms. Furthermore, we find that employees in managerial positions benefit more from robotisation than those in STEM or professional occupations. Overall, our results suggest that the introduction of industrial robots has a positive effect on the average wages of manufacturing workers in Norway

• Schøne, Pål & Strøm, Marte (2019). International Labor Market Competition and Spousal Labor Supply Responses. IZA Institute of Labor economics. Full text in Research Archive
• Røed, Marianne; Schøne, Pål & Umblijs, Janis (2019). Flyktningers deltagelse i arbeid og utdanning, før og etter introduksjonsordningen. Institutt for samfunnsforskning. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  For å gi flyktninger grunnleggende kompetanse, og dermed en mer solid basis for å delta i arbeid og utdanning, startet myndighetene i 2004 introduksjonsordningen for flyktninger. Dette er et to- til treårig heltids kvalifiseringsprogram, der flyktningene i tillegg til å få opplæring i språk og samfunnskunnskap deltar i ulike typer aktive arbeidsmarkedstiltak. I denne rapporten gjennomgår vi tidligere forskning om effekter av arbeidsmarkedstiltak for flyktninger, og vi analyserer, med basis i norske registerdata, hvordan flyktningers integrasjonsforløp varierer med om de fikk eller ikke fikk tilbud om introduksjonsordningen da de kom til Norge.

• Bonesrønning, Hans; Finseraas, Henning; Hardoy, Ines; Iversen, Jon Marius Vaag; Nyhus, Ole Henning & Opheim, Vibeke [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Pre-analysis plan: The Effect of Small Group Instruction in Mathematics for Pupils in Lower Elementary School. EGAP/OSF Registry. doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/YWQVC. Full text in Research Archive
• Østbakken, Kjersti Misje; Reisel, Liza; Schøne, Pål; Barth, Erling & Hardoy, Ines (2017). Kjønnssegregering og mobilitet i det norske arbeidsmarkedet. Institutt for samfunnsforskning. Full text in Research Archive
• Barth, Erling; Marius, Vaag Iversen Jon; Schøne, Pål; Simson, Kristine von & Strøm, Bjarne (2016). Sammenhengen mellom ferdigheter og arbeidsmarkedssituasjon for utsatte grupper. Institutt for samfunnsforskning. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Betydningen av ulike typer ferdigheter for å få innpass på arbeidsmarkedet har fått økt oppmerksomhet de siste årene, både blant beslutningstakere og blant forskere. Det er også god dokumentasjon på at etterspørselen etter personer med høy kompetanse har økt de siste tiårene, og at dette i noen land har ført til større lønnsforskjeller mellom høyt og lavt kvalifiserte arbeidstakere. Det er dokumentert at rask teknologisk endring er en viktig mekanisme bak denne utviklingen i etterspørselen etter arbeidskraft. En utfordring for de fleste industrialiserte land er hvordan man i tider med hurtig teknologisk endring og økte krav til kompetanse også klarer å inkludere personer med lavere kvalifikasjoner. Tall fra OECDs PIAAC-undersøkelse, for både Norge og andre land, viser at arbeidsmarkedsdeltakelsen er betydelig lavere for personer som har svake ferdigheter. I denne rapporten benytter vi PIAAC-undersøkelsen for å studere sammenhengen mellom ferdigheter, ulike indikatorer på utsatthet, og arbeidsmarkedsdeltakelse. Vårt hovedmål på utsatthet er selvopplevd helse. Vi finner at både helse og ferdigheter har betydning for arbeidsmarkedsdeltakelse. I en analyse hvor vi forsøker å kvantifisere den relative betydningen av helse og ferdigheter, antyder resultatene at helse er viktigere enn ferdigheter.

• Kolsrud, Dag Olaf; Røed, Marianne; Schøne, Pål & Simson, Kristine von (2016). Bidrag og belønning : Om innvandrere i det norske arbeidsmarkedet. Institutt for samfunnsforskning. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I løpet av de siste tretti årene har andelen av befolkningen med innvandrerbakgrunn økt fra ca. 3 til ca. 16 prosent. Denne utviklingen har selvsagt påvirket arbeidsstyrkens sammensetning med hensyn til kulturell bakgrunn, utdanning og lengden på relevant arbeidserfaring. I denne rapporten analyserer vi – med ulike innfallsvinkler – hvordan innvandrere har tilpasset seg i det norske arbeidsmarkedet. Følgende hovedproblemstillinger diskuteres: Dag Kolsrud (SSB) analyserer om tilstrømningen av arbeidskraften fra utlandet har bedret balansen mellom tilbud og etterspørsel i det norske arbeidsmarkedet. Marianne Røed, Pål Schøne og Kristine von Simson (ISF) drøfter ulike aspekter ved innvandrernes økonomiske integrering. Hvordan er deres lønns- og sysselsettingsbetingelser sammenlignet med dem som gjør seg gjeldende i den norske delen av befolkningen? I hvilken grad får de jobber der oppgavene er tilpasset deres formelle kompetanse? Vi er først og fremst opptatt av assimileringstakten: Hvordan påvirkes forskjellene, mellom innvandrede og norskfødte arbeidstakere, i lønn, og i graden av tilpasning mellom jobb og utdanning, av hvor lenge innvandrerne har vært i Norge? Det er dette vi kaller botidseffekten. Til slutt studerer vi hvem blant immigrantene som emigrerer igjen, hvor lang tid det tar før de eventuelt drar, og hvordan dette henger sammen med deres tilknytning til det norske arbeidsmarkedet.

• Strøm, Marte; Barth, Erling & Schøne, Pål (2014). Er lønnsgapet mellom kvinner og men i ferd med å lukkes? NOU 2015:6, Arbeids- og sosialdepartementet. Full text in Research Archive
• Barth, Erling; Hardoy, Ines; Schøne, Pål & Østbakken, Kjersti Misje (2013). Lønnsforskjeller mellom kvinner og menn : Hva har skjedd på 2000-tallet? Institutt for samfunnsforskning. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  At kvinner tjener mindre enn menn er et gjennomgående funn. I denne rapporten studerer vi timelønnsutviklingen for kvinner og menn i perioden 2002-2011. Vi analyserer betydningen av kjønnssegregering på næring og yrke, betydningen av utdanningsnivå, sammenhengen mellom timelønn og alder, og vi analyserer sammenhengen mellom barn og timelønn separat for kvinner og menn. I tillegg analyserer vi inntektsforskjeller der vi også inkluderer personer som ikke er aktive på arbeidsmarkedet. Resultatene viser en svak tilnærming mellom kvinners og menns timelønn. Den ujusterte gjennomsnittlige timelønnsforskjellen har falt fra 14,2 prosent til 12,7 prosent i perioden 2002-2011. Når vi sammenligner kvinner og menn som jobber i samme yrke innen samme næring er lønnsgapet på 7,1 prosent i 2011. Dette viser at timelønnsforskjellen henger sammen med det kjønnssegregerte arbeidsmarkedet. Likevel eksisterer det et ikke ubetydelig lønnsgap, selv etter kontroll for detaljert næring og yrke. Timelønnsforskjellene mellom kvinner og menn vokser tidlig i karrieren for de yngste kohortene, mens vi ser en viss tilnærming mot slutten av karrieren for de eldste. Sammenhengen mellom barn og timelønn er generelt negativ for kvinner, mens den er positiv for menn. Over tid ser vi at den negative sammenhengen mellom timelønn og barn blir svakere. Inntektsanalysene våre viser at menn har mest kapitalinntekter som bidrar til økte inntektsforskjeller, kvinner har mest offentlige overføringer som bidrar til en reduksjon i forskjellene, mens skatt har en omfordelende effekt og gir mindre inntektsforskjeller. Vi finner også at når vi kontrollerer for forskjeller i utdanning og erfaring, er inntektsforskjellene større innen familie enn mellom tilfeldig valgte kvinner og menn, noe som indikerer en viss form for spesialisering innad i husholdningen.

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• Strøm, Marte; Røed, Marianne & Schøne, Pål (2025). Tidlig modning gir små kjønnsforskjeller i karakterer. [Journal]. Kilden. Full text in Research Archive
• Schøne, Pål (2025). Changes in Labour Supply through Immigration and Firms’ Automation Decisions. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper we analyse the relationship between labour supply and firms’ investments in labour saving technologies. The expansion of European labour markets in the European Union (EU) has substantially increased the international migration of workers. For high-income countries in the European Economic Area (EEA) such as Norway, the 2004 EU enlargement had especially large effects on the supply of manual workers with low reservation wages. An increase in the supply of labour with lower reservation wages will reduce firms’ labour costs. This in turn may reduce the incentive of firms to invest in automation technology. We test this hypothesis by estimating the impact of increased labour immigration on firms’ automation investments. Using fixed effects, IV and difference-in-differences estimation approaches we find a negative effect of increased labour immigration on firms’ investments in automation technology, suggesting that immigration and automation technology adoption are substitutes in production.

• Evensen, Miriam; Cools, Sara; Schøne, Pål & Umblijs, Janis (2025). Segregation and Neighborhood Concentration of Economic Deprivation. Full text in Research Archive
• Røed, Marianne; Schøne, Pål & Strøm, Marte (2024). How Important is the “Biological Head Start” of Girls for Explaining Gender Differences in Education and the Labor Market? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We analyze if gender differences in physical maturity in adolescence can explain gender differences in educational and labor market performance. Using linked survey data with measures of physical maturity and register data on education and labor market outcomes, we are able to analyse the importance of physical maturity on gender differences in both the short and long term. Results show that that gender differences in physical maturity explain part of the gender gap in educational performance (in girls favor), and the gender gap in labor market outcomes at age 33 (in boys favor). Taken together, the results suggest that girls’ physical head start gives them an advantage in the schooling system, and the advantage prevails long into adulthood, indicating that the head start has long-lasting cumulative effects on learning.

• Schøne, Pål; Evensen, Miriam & Umblijs, Janis (2024). Start-Up Loan and School Performance. Full text in Research Archive
• Evensen, Miriam; Cools, Sara; Schøne, Pål & Umblijs, Janis (2024). Segregation and Neighborhood Concentration of Economic Deprivation. Full text in Research Archive
• Schøne, Pål (2024). Start-Up Loan and School Performance. Full text in Research Archive
• Barth, Erling; Røed, Marianne; Schøne, Pål & Umblijs, Janis (2023). Robots and employment. Full text in Research Archive
• Barth, Erling; Røed, Marianne; Schøne, Pål & Umblijs, Janis (2023). Does Firm-Automation Reduce Offshoring? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper we analyse the effects of automation on offshoring, using detailed matched employer-employee data, containing firm-level register information on both automation and offshoring. Automating the production process may displace certain workers, especially workers conducting tasks overtaken by the automation process. A key question is which workers are potentially displaced when automation occurs. In this paper we look closer at the relationship between domestic workers and workers located abroad. Irrespective of offshore indicator used, the results show a negative effect of automation on offshoring, in the post-period. This result is supportive of a hypothesis that automation substitute workers abroad conducting tasks that are automatable in the domestic production process. We also find that automation reduce domestic employment. The reduction is largest among blue collar workers and low skilled workers. These results combined, suggest that automation reduces employment abroad, but does not spur domestic employment.

• Schøne, Pål; Røed, Marianne; Barth, Erling & Umblijs, Janis (2023). Does Firm-Automation Reduce Offshoring? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper we analyse the effects of automation on offshoring, using detailed matched employer-employee data, containing firm-level register information on both automation and offshoring. Automating the production process may displace certain workers, especially workers conducting tasks overtaken by the automation process. A key question is which workers are potentially displaced when automation occurs. In this paper we look closer at the relationship between domestic workers and workers located abroad. Irrespective of offshore indicator used, the results show a negative effect of automation on offshoring, in the post-period. This result is supportive of a hypothesis that automation substitute workers abroad conducting tasks that are automatable in the domestic production process. We also find that automation reduce domestic employment. The reduction is largest among blue collar workers and low skilled workers. These results combined, suggest that automation reduces employment abroad, but does not spur domestic employment.

• Umblijs, Janis; Barth, Erling; Røed, Marianne & Schøne, Pål (2022). How Robots Change Within-Firm Wage Inequality. Full text in Research Archive
• Umblijs, Janis; Barth, Erling; Schøne, Pål & Røed, Marianne (2022). Robots and Employment a Firm Level Approach. Full text in Research Archive
• Barth, Erling; Schøne, Pål; Dale-Olsen, Harald & Østbakken, Kjersti Misje (2021). The rise and fall - labor demand during COVID-19. Full text in Research Archive
• Barth, Erling; Dale-Olsen, Harald & Schøne, Pål (2021). Chutes and ladders? Job Opportunities for Generation Covid. Full text in Research Archive
• Barth, Erling; Dale-Olsen, Harald; Schøne, Pål & Østbakken, Kjersti Misje (2021). Chutes and ladders? Job Opportunities for Generation Covid. Full text in Research Archive
• Østbakken, Kjersti Misje; Barth, Erling; Dale-Olsen, Harald & Schøne, Pål (2020). Nye jobber i fritt fall. Søkelys på arbeidslivet. 37, p. 316–323. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-7989-2020-04-07. Full text in Research Archive
• Barth, Erling; Røed, Marianne; Schøne, Pål & Umblijs, Janis (2020). Robots and employment. Full text in Research Archive
• Hardoy, Ines; Hyggen, Christer & Schøne, Pål (2019). Arbeidsledighet. In Bay, Ann-Helén; Hatland, Aksel; Hellevik, Tale & Terum, Lars Inge (Ed.), Trygd i aktiveringens tid. Gyldendal Akademisk. p. 202–225. Full text in Research Archive
• Cools, Sara & Schøne, Pål (2019). Utdanningssted forklarer ulikhet på toppen av yrkeshierarkiet. Full text in Research Archive
• Barth, Erling; Keute, Anna Lena; Schøne, Pål; Simson, Kristine von & Steffensen, Kjartan (2018). The Importance of Early and Later Skills among Youth: Evidence from Linked Register-PIAAC data. Full text in Research Archive
• Barth, Erling; Keute, Anna Lena; Schøne, Pål; Simson, Kristine von & Steffensen, Kjartan (2018). The Importance of Early and Later Skills among Youth: Evidence from Linked Register-PIAAC data. Full text in Research Archive
• Brekke, Jan-Paul; Røed, Marianne & Schøne, Pål (2018). Corrigendum: Reduction or deflection? The effect of asylum policy on interconnected asylum flows [Migration Studies, 5, 1, (2017) (65-96)] doi: 10.1093/migration/mnw028. Migration Studies. 6(1), p. 160–160. doi: 10.1093/migration/mnx031. Full text in Research Archive
• Reisel, Liza; Østbakken, Kjersti Misje; Barth, Erling; Schøne, Pål & Hardoy, Ines (2017). Occupational Segregation in Europe - Dissentangling the Role of Paid and Unpaid Work. Full text in Research Archive
• Strøm, Marte; Simson, Kristine von & Schøne, Pål (2016). Girls helping girls - the impact of female peers for grades and educational choices. Full text in Research Archive
• Brekke, Jan-Paul; Røed, Marianne & Schøne, Pål (2016). Hvordan virker asylpolitikken? Full text in Research Archive
• Pedersen, Axel West; Dale-Olsen, Harald & Schøne, Pål (2016). Do NDC pensions increase labour supply? Evidence from the Norwegian pension reform. Full text in Research Archive
• Dale-Olsen, Harald; Pedersen, Axel West & Schøne, Pål (2016). Do NDC pensions increase labour supply? Evidence from the Norwegian pension reform. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Over the last decades a number of countries have replacing traditional social insurance schemes with Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) schemes in efforts to improve the economic sustainability of national pension systems. NDC-schemes ensure a direct and highly transparent link between lifetime earnings/contributions and expected old age benefits. This link is in turn assumed to have significant positive effect on labour supply over the entire adult, pre-retirement life course. It allows pension contributions to be viewed as a form of forced savings, and therefore they should not contribute to the tax wedge for individuals who care about their income situation in retirement. In this paper we utilize the variation caused by the Norwegian pension reform of 2011 to look for evidence of labour supply responses to the new closer and more transparent link between earnings and pension-rights. The reformed system operates with a ceiling on the accrual of pension rights at annual earnings equal to NOK 640,000 which corresponds to roughly 1.3 times the average full-time wage. Due to the ceiling, the marginal accrual of pension rights in the new system is abruptly reduced from 18.1 percent to zero at this point on the earnings-schedule. If individuals are forward-looking and have a subjective discount rate equal to the implicit rate of return in the pension system, the ceiling should have an equivalent effect of a hike in the marginal tax-rate of 18.1 percent. We follow the standard approaches from research on the effects of taxation (ETI-approach) and use this non-linearity in the (implicit) tax-schedule to look for traces of behavioural responses to the new system of pension accrual. We apply both standard IV regression techniques as well as a RD-design. The analysis is based on register data covering the entire population of wage earners during the period 2008- 2013 with annual earnings above the average full time wage. Our conclusions are mixed. While we observe that the labour supply of both men and women are sensitive to changes in compound marginal tax rates, we find no bunching around the kink point at the social security ceiling and only weak evidence of reduced earnings growth in the interval just above the ceiling after 2011.

• Finseraas, Henning; Marianne, Røed & Schøne, Pål (2016). Labor Market Competition with Immigrants and Party Choice: Evidence From A Skill Cell Approach. Full text in Research Archive
• Strøm, Marte; Schøne, Pål & Simson, Kristine von (2015). Girls helping girls - the impact of female peers for grades and educational choices. Full text in Research Archive
• Strøm, Marte; Schøne, Pål & Simson, Kristine von (2015). Girls helping girls - the impact of female peers for grades and educational choices. Full text in Research Archive
• Finseraas, Henning; Hardoy, Ines & Schøne, Pål (2015). Free Childcare and Mothers' Labor Supply: Evidence Using a School Starting Age Reform. Full text in Research Archive
• Finseraas, Henning; Hardoy, Ines & Schøne, Pål (2015). Free Childcare and Mothers' Labor Supply: Evidence Using a School Starting Age Reform. Full text in Research Archive
• Schøne, Pål & Strøm, Marte (2015). Girls helping girls: The impact of female peers for grades and educational outcomes. Full text in Research Archive
• Schøne, Pål; Strøm, Marte & Simson, Kristine von (2015). Girls helping Girls. The impact of female peers for grades and educational choices. Full text in Research Archive
• Barth, Erling; Schøne, Pål & Østbakken, Kjersti Misje (2014). Hva betyr kjønnssegregering for lønn? In Reisel, Liza & Teigen, Mari (Ed.), Kjønnsdeling og etniske skiller på arbeidsmarkedet. Gyldendal Akademisk. p. 205–232. Full text in Research Archive
• Finseraas, Henning & Schøne, Pål (2014). Does a Boom in the Local Labor Market Reduce Disability Pensioning Up-take? Full text in Research Archive
• Brekke, Idunn & Schøne, Pål (2012). Health and sickness absence among native and immigrant workers in Norway. Full text in Research Archive

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