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Is there a Nordic model in governance of early childhood education and care (ECEC)?
In this paper, we argue that such a model existed for a long time. Nordic ECEC has its roots in the non-profit, voluntary sector and was gradually incorporated in the welfare state. The area thus became the subject of governance through legislation and the directives of elected and appointed officials (Maroy, 2012). This was achieved through public provision supplemented by non-profit actors (Trætteberg, Sivesind, Paananen, & Hrafnsdóttir, 2021).
Over the last 25 years, the Nordic countries have chosen different governance strategies. Today each country has a unique combination of (1) quasi-market instruments to encourage private entrepreneurs (Westberg & Larsson, 2020), (2) inspection as a government tool to retain balancing elements of “the evaluative state” (Ball, 2003; Maroy, 2012), and (3) coordination of ECEC establishment within a public bureaucratic system.
Through policy documents, public statistics, previous research etc. we document how Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland and Iceland have introduced different governance tools. Furthermore, we demonstrate the consequences of the policy choices: Norway has seen major growth in for-profit providers, Denmark is in the process of banning for-profit providers, and Sweden, Finland and Iceland see developments between these two extremes.
The different paths in governance and development of the non-public parts of the sector challenge the notion of a unified Nordic model of ECEC governance. The Nordic countries have similar histories, and goals for high quality welfare services for all, and reduction of social inequality through education and public subsidies. We ask if the change of tools of government, perhaps inadvertently, lead to a change of welfare goals (Sivesind, Trætteberg, & Saglie, 2017)? The Nordic countries represent cases in a “natural experiment” that facilitates the analysing the consequences of different quasi-market tools for the ECEC-sector.
Ball, S. J. (2003). The teacher's soul and the terrors of performativity. Journal of Education Policy, 18(2), 215-228. doi:10.1080/0268093022000043065
Maroy, C. (2012). Towards Post-Bureaucratic Modes of Governance : A European Perspective. In G. Steiner-Khamsi & W. Florian (Eds.), World Yearbook of Education 2012. Policy Borrowing and Lending in Education (pp. 62-97): RoutledgeEditors.
Sivesind, K. H., Trætteberg, H., & Saglie, J. (2017). The Future of the Scandinavian Welfare Model: User Choice, Parallel Governance Systems, and Active Citizenship. In K. H. Sivesind & J. Saglie (Eds.), Promoting active citizenship? Markets and choice in Scandinavian welfare (pp. 285-310). London: Palgrave.
Trætteberg, H. S., Sivesind, K. H., Paananen, M., & Hrafnsdóttir, S. (2021). Private Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) in the Nordic Countries: Development and governance of the welfare mix (8277637128). Retrieved from
Westberg, J., & Larsson, E. (2020). Winning the war by losing the battle? The marketization of the expanding preschool sector in Sweden. Journal of Education Policy, 1-18. doi:10.1080/02680939.2020.1861338