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Ongoing project

Comparing Histories of Antisemitism in Contemporary Europe

Project period 2020–2024
Project nr. 10460 // NFR: 302297
Project leader Johannes Due Enstad

Project Aim

The objective of CHACE is to compare histories of antisemitism in post-Cold War Europe, charting its trajectories and explaining temporal and geographical variation in its prevalence and intensity.

For more information, see Documenting Contemporary Antisemitism.

The project asks two key questions:

  1. What characterizes the diverging paths of post-Cold War antisemitism in Europe?

  2. Why has antisemitism come to afflict some countries more than others, as demonstrated by the varying degrees of anti-Jewish attitudes, variation in the incidence and intensity of antisemitic attacks, and differences in the levels of concern expressed by Jews?

Project Background

The resurgence of antisemitism in recent decades has raised questions about Western societies’ ability to provide a secure environment for their Jewish minorities. Many Jews have expressed doubt about their future on the European continent, as evidenced by a 2018 survey covering 16,500 respondents in 12 EU countries—among them, 38 percent said they had considered emigrating because of safety concerns.

Antisemitism is not affecting all European countries equally, however, nor is it being expressed or experienced the same way in all places.

Understanding these divergences is a major scientific challenge. To understand variation in contemporary antisemitism, comparative work is indispensable. The lack of comparative-historical studies is a shortcoming in current research, which typically focuses on one particular country, one particular religious/ideological group, or one particular kind of antisemitic manifestation (e.g., attitudes or violence).

Project Approach

To fill this gap, CHACE employs a broad-ranging comparative approach (combining comparative history and Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)) in order to account for the diverging paths and impacts of post-Cold War antisemitism in Europe.

Privacy Policy Guidance

This project utilizes personal data from individuals who are difficult to contact for the purpose of providing individual information. The data is processed for research purposes, and the legal basis for the processing is the public interest. The project involves the use of ordinary personal data and special categories of personal data, including data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious beliefs and/or personal data relating to criminal convictions and offenses. The data is obtained from the following sources: National data collections and open web content. In collaborative research projects, datasets may also be shared with external project participants and their affiliated institutions. The project also engages a data processor who will process personal data on behalf of the project.

The legality and privacy implications of the personal data processing have been assessed prior to the commencement of the project, which adheres to ethical guidelines for research. The Institute for Social Research is the data controller for the project.

Individuals who can be identified in the dataset have rights and may lodge complaints regarding the processing. Please feel free to contact our Data Protection Officer, the project manager, or the Norwegian Institute for Social Research if you have any questions or require guidance.

Participants

ParticipantDegree PhoneE-mail
Johannes Due Enstad Research Professor +47 971 37 554 j.d.enstad@samfunnsforskning.no
Zuzanna Roslonska (C-REX/UiO)

Publications

  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2026). Holocaust inversion and justification of anti-Jewish aggression: Evidence from two national surveys in Norway. American Psychologist. 81(4), p. 478–489. doi: 10.1037/amp0001704. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2026). What Drives Antisemitic Hostility in the Twenty-First Century? A Comparative Case Study of Germany, Sweden, and Russia (1990–2020). Contemporary Jewry. 46. doi: 10.1007/s12397-026-09723-z. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Det eldste hatet i en ny tid. Agora Journal for metafysisk spekulasjon. 42(1-2), p. 288–314. doi: 10.18261/agora.42.1-2.12. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Facing antisemitism in Europe: Individual and country-level predictors of Jews' victimization and fear across twelve countries. Social Forces. 103(3), p. 1186–1209. doi: 10.1093/sf/soae091. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). What drives antisemitic hostility in the 21st century? A comparative case study of Germany, Sweden, and Russia (1990–2020). SocArXiv. doi: 10.31219/osf.io/2x6ws. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2023). Accounting for Contemporary Antisemitism: A Four-Dimensional Framework and a New Dataset. Antisemitism Studies. 7(1), p. 4–49. doi: 10.2979/ast.2023.a885991. Full text in Research Archive

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  • Sætra, Henrik Skaug; Enstad, Johannes Due; Juul, Ane Fürst; Ida, Gram; Hjort, Jens Lunnan & Thorbjørnsrud, Trude (2023). Evaluering av handlingsplaner mot antisemittisme 2016-2023. Proba samfunnsanalyse. Full text in Research Archive

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  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2025). Do Antizionist Beliefs Predict Justification of Anti-Jewish Aggression? Evidence from Two National Surveys in Norway [preprint]. Open Science Framework (OSF). doi: 10.31234/osf.io/8ursn_v1. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2025). Henger Israel-fiendtlige og jødefiendtlige holdninger sammen? Et analysenotat basert på data fra HL-senterets holdningsundersøkelser fra 2017 og 2022. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2025). Forskning viser at Israel-fiendtlighet er forbundet med antisemittisme. doi: https:/www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/i/3Myaj9/forskning-viser-at-israel-fiendtlighet-er-forbundet-med-antisemittisme. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2025). Antisemittisme kan måles og har økt i både Norge og andre land. doi: https:/www.forskersonen.no/antisemittisme-debattinnlegg-joder/antisemittisme-kan-males-og-har-okt-i-bade-norge-og-andre-land/2310175. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Does Antizionism Predict Justification of Antisemitic Behavior? Evidence from Norway [OSF Preregistration]. doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/TCFVW. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Norway: Know Thy Neighbor. For a Righteous Cause. p. 21–26. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Antisemitism and political responses in Scandinavia post-October 7. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Scandinavia: Some Cold Realities. Antisemitism Worldwide: Report for 2023. p. 65–72. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Does antizionism mask antisemitism? Evidence from Norwegian and European surveys. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Mener svenske og danske politikere bestod antisemittisme-prøven etter 7. oktober. [Journal]. Dagen. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Antisemitism and the politics of history (book review). Ethnic and Racial Studies. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2024.2348723. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Brennaktuelt om antisemittismens historie i Norge. Minerva (nettutgaven). Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2024). Det "nye" jødehatet. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2023). Jødehatet. [Internet]. NRK.no. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2023). Norske jøder om hets. [TV]. NRK Dagsrevyen. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2023). Den "nye" antisemittismen. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2023). Minervapodden: Det tilbakevendende jødehatet. [Internet]. Minerva. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2022). Diverging paths: Antisemitism on the left and right in Russia and Germany after the Cold War. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2022). Antisemittismen i vår tid: Hvor kommer den fra, og hvor er den på vei? Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2022). Is there an East/West divergence in European Jews’ exposure to antisemitism? Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2021). On the ideological and cultural diversity of current antisemitism. Right Now!. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2021). Documenting Contemporary Antisemitism. Full text in Research Archive
  • Enstad, Johannes Due (2020). What is antisemitism? In Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Leidig, Eviane (Ed.), Knowing what’s (far) right. A compendium. 7Letras. p. 27–29. Full text in Research Archive

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Research topics: diversity, discrimination
Published May 11, 2021 11:16 AM - Last modified Aug. 13, 2026 2:19 PM