Far right politics online and societal resilience (FREXO)

• Fladmoe, Audun & Nadim, Marjan (2025). The impact of online harassment on trust: Survey evidence from Denmark and Norway. New Media & Society. p. 1–20. doi: 10.1177/14614448251401170. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Online harassment is shown to have democratic consequences by limiting freedom of expression, disrupting public discourse, reinforcing prejudice and hostility, and creating barriers for online participation. However, there has been less attention to how online harassment relates to trust, which is a key component of well-functioning democracies. This study investigates the relationship between experiences with online harassment and different forms of social and institutional (media and governmental) trust. The analyses utilize survey panel data from Denmark and Norway, two high-trust societies. Findings indicate that online harassment, especially group-based harassment, negatively correlates with all forms of trust, with the most significant panel effects observed on governmental trust and trust in social media (Facebook), which are both institutions that regulate speech. The study contributes to the research literature by shedding light on how various types of online harassment influence different aspects of trust.

• Steen-Johnsen, Kari; Fladmoe, Audun & Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea (2025). Right-wing alternative media users in Scandinavia: A comparative study of ideological attitudes and (dis)trust. Nordicom Review. 46(2), p. 217–249. doi: 10.2478/nor-2025-0019. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract The emergence of right-wing alternative media has raised concerns about the diffusion of radical ideas among citizens and growing distrust in the media and public institutions. Based on representative surveys in Denmark ( n = 1,958), Norway ( n = 2,009), and Sweden ( n = 1,991), we examine what characterises right-wing alternative media users in terms of political attitudes and political, media, and social trust. The analysis reveals that right-wing alternative media users in Scandinavia tend to affiliate with far-right parties, support far-right ideas, and express lower levels of trust in political institutions, traditional media, and unknown others. Among these, support for far-right ideas and a lack of trust in traditional media are the most important characteristics. While support for far-right ideas characterises right-wing alternative media users in all three countries, low trust in traditional media is a more important characteristic in Norway and Sweden than in Denmark. The study advances knowledge of the role of ideology vis-à-vis various forms of (dis)trust among right-wing alternative media users, showing that while alternative media use across the Scandinavian countries displays a set of similarities, such use is also formed by national context.

• Figenschou, Tine Ustad & Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea (2025). Conceptualizations, Contentions and Systemic Conditions: A Response to Competing for Cultural Authority. Journalism Studies. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2025.2454336. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Challenging Bauer and Nadler to look beyond the US context, we invite them to engage with international research on right-wing alternative media and clarify their conceptualization of right-wing and conservative media along the axes of professional vs. non-professional, mainstream vs. alternative, objective vs. partisan journalism.

• Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea; Figenschou, Tine Ustad & Olsen, Ragnhild Kristine (2024). Norway: Media Welfare in a Small Nation. In Schapals, Aljosha Karim & Pentzold, Christian (Ed.), Media Compass: A Companion to International Media Landscapes. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 106–119. Full text in Research Archive
• Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea & Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2024). Alternative media and political campaigning. In Lilleker, Darren G.; Jackson, Daniel; Kalsnes, Bente; Mellado, Claudia; Trevisan, Filippo & Veneti, Anastasia (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Political Campaigning. Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781003333326-24. Full text in Research Archive
• Pedersen, Leif; Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea; Figenschou, Tine Ustad & Mayerhöffer, Eva (2024). Boundary Work in the Nordic Media Model: Metajournalistic Discourse on Alternative Media in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Journalism Studies. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2024.2385925. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The increasing prominence of alternative news media has been identified as a particular challenge to contemporary established journalism, next to collapsing financial models, platform dependency, falling levels of trust and increased competition. Against this background, this study examines how news editors from 23 established news organizations in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark view the rise and role of alternative news media and thereby the boundaries of the journalistic field. Combining strategic action field theory, boundary work and the concept of metajournalistic discourse, it identifies three metajournalistic discourses—We are the (real) journalists, We are in control (for now), and We are under pressure. Together, these metajournalistic discourses portray alternative news media as a challenge that largely has been overcome, and as currently insignificant actors that clearly do not represent “real journalism”. At the same time, the discourses also display concerns that alternative news media might represent potential future field ruptures via their association with broader potentially detrimental media developments, such as genre-confused media audiences or harassment of journalists.

• Nadim, Marjan (2023). Making sense of hate: young Muslims’ understandings of online racism in Norway. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 49(19), p. 4928–4945. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2023.2229522. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  For active internet users, exposure to racist content has become commonplace. However, little scholarly attention has been given to experiences of racism online. Building on a qualitative study, this article examines how young Muslims in Norway make sense of online racism and hateful content targeting their group identities. The article develops an analytical framework for studying lay understandings of online racism by analysing how young Muslims understand the a) nature, b) experience and c) causes of online racism. The analyses show that online racism appears distinct from common descriptions of contemporary racism that emphasise the subtle, covert and ambiguous nature of everyday racism. In contrast, online racism is understood to be massive and overt, but the nature of online communication creates a sense of control and distance for both the targets and perpetrators. The young Muslims’ ‘theories’ of the causes of online racism differ along two dimensions: the perceived intentionality of the perpetrators and the ordinary or exceptional nature of racism, yielding four distinct understandings of what online racism reflects: a racist Norway, exceptional racism, trolling and ignorance. This article argues that we cannot ignore the online sphere when seeking to understand everyday experiences of racism.

• Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea & Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2023). Journalism as a Strategic Action Field: How to Study Contestations and Power Dynamics between Professional Journalism and Its Challengers. Digital Journalism. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2023.2214901. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper argues the benefits of approaching the ongoing con- tentions and power dynamics in journalism as a strategic action field (JSAF). This meso-level, actor-centered analytical framework offers insights into how contestations in journalism are decided by the social skills of key stakeholders. JSAF distinguishes between three types of social actors (incumbents, governance units, and challengers), enables comprehension of their position and power, and explains why some actors succeed and others do not in dif- ferent political and cultural contexts. It expands the traditional focus of incumbents in journalism studies by underlining the social skills of often-neglected back players in journalism (e.g., governance units such as associations, centers, and professional networks) and by foregrounding the social skills of challengers. This enables us to study challengers as strategic actors, investigating their motives, ambitions, interactions, and communicative skills to mobilize sup- port and alliances to improve insights into who and what is con- testing journalism today. The need for a JSAF approach comes from the increased contentions and conflicts between professional journalism and various peripheral actors, exemplified by the power dynamics between professional actors and alternative media.

• Steen-Johnsen, Tale & Steen-Johnsen, Kari (2023). "Strangers in Their Own Land" - en sosiologisk roadtrip gir nye forståelser av sammenhengen mellom politikk og følelser. In Hestholm, Roger Ivan & Skarpenes, Ove (Ed.), Sosiologisk analyse. Fagbokforlaget. p. 35–52. Full text in Research Archive
• Frischlich, Lena; Eldridge, Scott; Figenschou, Tine Ustad; Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea; Holt, Kristoffer & Cushion, Stephen (2023). Contesting the Mainstream: Towards an Audience-Centered Agenda of Alternative News Research. Digital Journalism. 11(5), p. 727–740. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2023.2214791. Full text in Research Archive
• Nadim, Marjan (2022). Eksplisitt rasisme til hverdags: Unge muslimers opplevelser av rasisme på nettet. In Døving, Cora Alexa (Eds.), Rasisme : Fenomenet, forskningen, erfaringene. Universitetsforlaget. p. 333–348. Full text in Research Archive
• Fladmoe, Audun; Steen-Johnsen, Kari & Enjolras, Bernard Louis (2022). Hvem deltar i den nye offentligheten? Aktive nettdebattanter og deres holdninger. In Mangset, Marte; Midtbøen, Arnfinn Haagensen & Thorbjørnsrud, Kjersti (Ed.), Ytringsfrihet i en ny offentlighet : Grensene for debatt og rommet for kunnskap. Universitetsforlaget. p. 76–94. doi: 10.18261/9788215051017-2022-04. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Sosiale medier har blitt en viktig arena for samfunnsdebatten, med deltakelse fra både etablerte samfunnsdebattanter og folk flest. Nettdebatter framstår imidlertid ofte som «harde», med polariserte fronter og preg av ekkokamre. Et viktig spørsmål er hvem det er som deltar, og om de skiller seg fra resten av befolkningen når det gjelder hvem de er, og hva de mener. Gjenspeiler aktive nettdebattanter befolkningen for øvrig når det gjelder politiske holdninger og syn på ytringsfriheten? Og hvordan skiller debattanter i sosiale medier seg fra dem som deltar i diskusjoner på andre arenaer, slik som i aviskronikker og i organisasjonsliv? Svaret på slike spørsmål kan gi oss større forståelse av hvorfor den digitale debatten blir som den blir, og hva den representerer.

• Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea & Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2022). Innenfor eller utenfor? Høyrevridde alternative medier og forhandling om grenser i den journalistiske institusjonen. Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning (TfS). 63(4), p. 241–259. doi: 10.18261/tfs.63.4.1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Høyrevridde alternative medier, som Document og Resett, har utmerket seg i den norske offentligheten gjennom markant mediekritikk og omdiskuterte redaksjonelle praksiser. I denne artikkelen undersøker vi hva som skjedde når disse aktørene søkte seg inn mot den journalistiske institusjonen gjennom medlemskap i profesjonelle presse- og bransjeforeninger. I artikkelen utforsker vi først motivene for å søke, handlinger kunne framstå som paradoksale grunnet søkernes antagonistiske posisjon og rolle som mediekritikere, før vi deretter utforsker begrunnelsene for avgjørelsene i Norsk Redaktørforening (NR) og Mediebedriftenes Landsforening (MBL). Teoretisk tar artikkelen utgangspunkt i journalistikken som en institusjon og hvordan grenseforhandling foregår i en hybrid medieverden. Vi diskuterer hvordan kontroversene som oppsto må sees i lys av kontinuerlige grensedragninger i den norske journalistiske institusjonen, men også hvordan alternativmediene representerer en ny type utfordrer. I analysen viser vi hvordan symbolske og materielleressurser sto på spill, og hvordan regulative og normative institusjonelle regler ble fortolket av ulike aktører. Right-wing alternative media, such as Document and Resett, have become known in the Norwegian public for their vocal media criticism and disputed editorial practices. In this article we examine what happened when these actors applied for membership of professional press and industry associations. We explore why alternative media applied, a move that might seem paradoxical due to their antagonistic position and role as media critics, and the rationale for the decisions by the Norwegian Editorial Association and the Norwegian Business Association. Theoretically, the article is inspired by a perspective on journalism as an institution and how boundary work takes place in a hybrid media world. We situate the study in a historical context consisting of ongoing boundary struggles, but also point out why alternative media can be seen as a novel challenger. In the analysis, we show how symbolic and material resources were at stake, and how different regulative and constitutive institutional rules were understood by different actors.

• Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea; Figenschou, Tine Ustad; Eldridge, Scott; Frischlich, Lena; Cushion, Stephen & Holt, Kristoffer (2022). Understanding Alternative News Media and Its Contribution to Diversity. Digital Journalism. 10(8), p. 1267–1282. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2022.2134165. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this introduction to the special issue Contesting the Mainstream: Understanding Alternative News Media, we discuss how and to what extent alternative news media contribute to news diversity. We elaborate on the concept of diversity, the democratic role of media, and the normative implications of alternative media in the wider media sphere. Based on the articles published in this special issue, that offer new and revealing empirical insights into a wide range of alternative media sites and their practices, from Europe, Asia, the Middle East, North America, and Latin America, we argue that it becomes increasingly clear that awareness about normative positions within alternative media research is imperative. This is because an appreciation of the normative purpose of alternative media guides our ability to understand their role in society. The necessity for thinking through such positions is particularly exemplified by the most radical alternative media actors, and how they are debated and studied in different political systems.

• Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea & Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2022). Knock, knock! Right-wing alternative media is at the door. Institutional boundary work in a hybrid media environment. In Ferrucci, Patrick & II, Scott A. Elddridge (Ed.), The Institutions Changing Journalism. Barbarians Inside the Gate. Routledge. p. 15–31. doi: 10.4324/978100f3140399. Full text in Research Archive
• Wollebæk, Dag; Brekke, Jan-Paul & Fladmoe, Audun (2022). Polarization in a consensual multi-party democracy – attitudes toward immigration in Norway. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties. doi: 10.1080/17457289.2022.2139380. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper studies polarization of attitudes toward immigration in Norway from 2001 to 2019. The paper studies polarization along five dimensions: dispersion, bimodality, consolidation, constraint, and sorting. Empirical analyses were based on two Norwegian longitudinal, cross-sectional surveys. The findings suggested that, first, overall attitudes toward immigration did not become more polarized in terms of dispersion and bimodality. There was, however, a tendency toward increased polarization of attitudes toward Islam and a decreased polarization of attitudes toward refugees. Second, there was an increasing generational gap in attitudes toward immigration, especially with respect to Islam. Third, attitudes toward immigration were more closely linked to attitudes toward other political issues and to party preference. Although these changes should not be overestimated, finding increased tendencies of consolidation, constraint, and sorting in a consensus-based democracy like Norway indicates the wider existence of polarizing trends similar to those in the UK and US.

• Nadim, Marjan & Thorbjørnsrud, Kjersti (2022). Kampen i gråsonene av debatten: en studie av deltakere i opphetede og aggressive nettdebatter. In Mangset, Marte; Midtbøen, Arnfinn Haagensen & Thorbjørnsrud, Kjersti (Ed.), Ytringsfrihet i en ny offentlighet : Grensene for debatt og rommet for kunnskap. Universitetsforlaget. p. 95–112. doi: 10.18261/9788215051017-2022-05. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Opphetede og aggressive nettdebatter i kommentarfelt og på sosiale medier er kjennetegnet av personangrep, fiendtlighet og stigmatisering av utsatte grupper i samfunnet – de er altså preget av grenseoverskridende ytringer som utfordrer sosiale og kulturelle normer for hvordan det er akseptabelt å ytre seg. Det er nettopp i disse «gråsonene» noen av kampene om ytringsfrihetens grenser foregår. For å finne ut hvorfor folk deltar i slike debatter, og hvordan de selv begrunner og legitimerer grenseoverskridende debattatferd, har vi snakket med dem det gjelder, direkte. Deres stemmer og perspektiver vil komme til uttrykk her. I kapitlet viser vi at det går et skille mellom grenseoverskridende meningsinnhold, som utfordrer normer for hva det er akseptabelt å ytre, og grenseoverskridende språkbruk, som utfordrer normer for hvordan det er akseptabelt å ordlegge seg.

• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2021). Consensus or Conflict? A Survey Analysis of how Norwegians Interpret the July 22, 2011 Attacks a Decade Later. Perspectives on Terrorism (PT). 15(3), p. 109–131. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The dominant narrative about the right-wing terrorist attacks in Norway on July 22, 2011, suggests that they were an attack on the Norwegian democracy, that the perpetrator was motivated by right-wing extremism and that Norway reacted by emphasizing tolerance, democratic values, and inclusion. Surveys carried out in the aftermath of the attacks show that this narrative received widespread support. In this article, we use a nationally representative survey to analyze how Norwegians interpret the July 22 attacks today – a decade later. We find significant levels of consensus, but also traces of conflict. While there are high levels of agreement regarding many of the interpretive frames, some of the frames are more contested. Moreover, some of these contested interpretations are associated with three conflicting narratives about the terrorist attack: the democracy narrative, the diversity narrative and the far-right narrative. These narratives are all characterized by a distinct understanding of why the attacks happened, who was targeted and how society reacted to the attacks. Given that the support for the different narratives varies according to ideological beliefs, partisanship, levels of trust and, to some extent, emotional reactions, we argue that discussions about July 22 today are likely to be politically polarizing – or even irreconcilable. The article shows how terrorist attacks that appear uniting in the short run may become more divisive in the long run, mirroring other existing political conflicts in society.

• Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea & Nygaard, Silje (2021). Right-wing alternative media in the Scandinavian political communication landscape. In Skogerbø, Eli; Ihlen, Øyvind; Kristensen, Nete Nørgaard & Nord, Lars W. (Ed.), Power, communication, and politics in the Nordic countries. Nordicom. p. 263–282. doi: 10.48335/9789188855299-13. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The competition to set the public agenda has become increasingly tough. In this chapter, we explore the role of right-wing alternative media. This kind of news provider constitutes a relatively modest, but distinct, actor in the Scandinavian political communication landscape. Several sites have managed to gain attention through successful social media strategies and controversial reporting, often focusing on topics like immigration, crime, and Islam. In this chapter, we outline how alternative media are conceptualised and theorised in the literature, and how the boundaries between professional and alternative media are drawn and negotiated. Pointing to studies conducted in a Nordic context, we outline key characteristics of the right-wing alternative media scene in Scandinavia. From a research perspective, we argue that there are notable challenges associated with research on right-wing alternative media which are particularly related to fluidity, moving targets, and methodological limitations.

• Nadim, Marjan & Fladmoe, Audun (2021). Mobbing og hatytringer blant skoleungdom i Oslo: Betydningen av elevenes minoritetsbakgrunn og skolekonteksten. Nordisk tidsskrift for ungdomsforskning (NTU). 2(2), p. 129–149. doi: 10.18261/issn.2535-8162-2021-02-03. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne artikkelen undersøker hvorvidt unges etniske og religiøse minoritetsbakgrunn gjør dem mer utsatt for krenkelser og eksklusjon. Studien undersøker dette gjennom analyser av erfaringer med mobbing og hatytringer blant skoleungdom i Oslo og hvordan slike erfaringer henger sammen med elevenes etniske og religiøse bakgrunn og med skolekonteksten i form av andelen elever med innvandrerbakgrunn på skolen. Analysene er basert på data fra 9117 elever på videregående skole som deltok i Ung i Oslo-undersøkelsen i 2018 (Ungdata). Resultatene viser at ungdom med etnisk og religiøs minoritetsbakgrunn er omtrent like utsatt for mobbing som elever med foreldre født i Norden, imidlertid opplever de langt oftere hatytringer som retter seg mot deres hudfarge, etniske eller religiøse minoritetsbakgrunn. Dette gjelder særlig dersom elevene tilhører en annen religion enn kristendom og dersom de går på skoler med lav andel elever med innvandrerbakgrunn. Tilsvarende er elever med foreldre født i Norden oftere utsatt for mobbing og hatytringer på skoler med høy innvandrerandel. Artikkelen bidrar til diskusjonen om hvordan etnisk og religiøs minoritetsbakgrunn kan fungere som markører på annerledeshet og viser hvordan den lokale konteksten kan ha betydning for i hvilken grad slike forskjellsmarkører blir relevante.

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• Mayerhöffer, Eva; Brems, Miriam Kroman; Figenschou, Tine Ustad & Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea (2026). Alternative Media in European Contexts. Springer Nature Switzerland. doi: 10.1007/978-3-032-22489-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bringing together leading scholars in the field, this open access book presents novel theoretical perspectives, methodological approaches, ethical reflections and comparative frameworks to inform research on production, content, dissemination and use of alternative media. Over the last decade, falling levels of media and political trust and sweeping populist election victories have coincided with a wave of new alternative media. Seeking to challenge mainstream news media and established politics, these alternative media have attracted extensive political, media and scholarly attention. Building on in-depth insights from different countries across Europe, it represents a key reference for alternative media research in Europe and beyond. This book demonstrates how we are now entering a third stage of alternative media research, characterized by more cross-theoretical fertilization, methodological innovation and focus on contextual conditions.

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• Steen-Johnsen, Kari (2024). Ytre høyre på nett i Skandinavia. Institutt for samfunnsforskning. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I denne brosjyren undersøker vi hvilke likheter og forskjeller som finnes mellom de skandinaviske landene når det gjelder ytre høyres tilstedeværelse på nett.

• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2021). Noen utviklingstrekk ved ytre høyre i Norge, 2000-2020. C-REX, Senter for ekstremismeforskning. Full text in Research Archive

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• Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea & Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2025). Journalistic Authority and Professional Media Associations: A Study of Contentions About Inclusion or Exclusion of Alternative Media. doi: https:/cdn.ymaws.com/www.icahdq.org/resource/resmgr/conference/2025/ICA25_Abstracts_Program.pdf. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This panel explores journalistic authority in the digital age, where new actors challenge traditional definitions. It identifies three research gaps: the role of non–journalist stakeholders in shaping legitimacy, the dominance of US-centric perspectives, and the need for intersectional approaches. The panel seeks to address these gaps and contribute to a deeper understanding of journalistic authority, as well as the role of researchers in shaping it.

• Steen-Johnsen, Kari; Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea & Kalsnes, Bente (2025). Freedom of Speech. In Nai, Alessandro; Grömping, Max & Wirz, Dominique (Ed.), Elgar Encyclopedia of Political Communication. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 74–77. doi: https:/www.elgaronline.com/display/book/9781035301447/9781035301447.xml. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Freedom of speech is a fundamental human right. Still, at any given time, legal, institutional, and social factors condition its exercise. We examine three aspects that influence its boundaries: 1) law and regulation, 2) media institutions and platforms, and 3) political, cultural, and social dynamics. We consider these conditions across authoritarian and democratic states, paying particular attention to how digitalization has transformed the conditions for free speech. In the digital public sphere, the possibilities for exercising freedom of speech are almost endless but simultaneously limited by political contestation, exposure to hate speech, and self-censorship. Digitalization has also created new tools for repression by authoritarian states and new challenges concerning gatekeeping and content moderation by platform companies. Political communication scholars need to study the conditions for freedom of speech at different levels and across national contexts.

• Steen-Johnsen, Kari & Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2025). The art of forging compelling narratives in times of crisis: youth electoral politics on TikTok. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen-Johnsen, Kari & Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2025). The art of forging compelling narratives in times of crisis: youth electoral politics on TikTok. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen-Johnsen, Kari (2025). Høyrepopulisme og grønn omstilling i en polarisert verden. Full text in Research Archive
• Figenschou, Tine Ustad & Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea (2025). Challengers to Journalism: Alternative Media Editors’ Framing of Editorial Values and Practices. Journalism Practice. doi: 10.1080/17512786.2025.2538121. Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2025). Not “getting it”? How the echoes of yesterday may be more personal than you think. Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2024). Forsker om Sverigedemokraternas kom-strategi: – Får håpe norske politikere er sitt ansvar bevisst. [Journal]. Kom24. Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2024). Mediedekning av krim og terror. [Radio]. Radio Oslomet. Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge & Steen-Johnsen, Kari (2024). TikTok og skolevalget. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen-Johnsen, Kari (2024). Ekkokamre og deres betydning i den norske nettdebatten. Hva sier forskningen? Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2024). Reagerer etter «Stem Frp»-saker: –⁠ Ekstremt tynt grunnlag. [Journal]. VG. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen-Johnsen, Kari (2024). Toleransens paradoks. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen-Johnsen, Kari (2024). Ytre høyre på nett i Skandinavia: Innledningsforedrag. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen-Johnsen, Kari (2024). Meninger og doxa. [Radio]. NRK P2 Ekko. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen-Johnsen, Kari (2024). Bør vi tolerere de intolerante? [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen-Johnsen, Kari; Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea & Fladmoe, Audun (2024). Users of right-wing alternative media in Scandinavia: ideological attitudes and (dis)trust. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen-Johnsen, Kari & Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2024). Guttastemning på TikTok? Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge & Steen-Johnsen, Kari (2024). Using digital (trace) data for research – potentials and pitfalls. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Toso, Amandine Elise Maria & Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2024). Fear, anger, and the Scandinavian far right. Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2024). Hva slags nyheter deles i norske innvandringsfiendtlige facebookgrupper? Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Toso, Amandine Elise Maria & Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2024). Far-right mobilization on social media and the role of emotions: Evidence from Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge & Steen-Johnsen, Kari (2024). TikTok and the gender dimension of right-wing electoral politics. Full text in Research Archive
• Fladmoe, Audun & Nadim, Marjan (2024). The impact of online harassment on trust in high-trust societies. Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2023). YATA podcast: Samfunnsmessige reaksjoner på terror. [Radio]. https://yata.no/arrangementer/podcast-%F0%9F%8E%99/. Full text in Research Archive
• Nadim, Marjan (2023). Making Sense Of Hate: Young Muslims’ understandings of online racism in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen-Johnsen, Tale & Steen-Johnsen, Kari (2023). En sosiologisk roadtrip gir innsikt i sammenhengen mellom følelser og politikk. sosiologen.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Pedersen, Leif Hemming; Figenschou, Tine Ustad; Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea & Mayerhöffer, Eva (2023). Boundary-work in the Nordic media model: A comparative analysis of institutional responses to alternative media in Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Full text in Research Archive
• Figenschou, Tine Ustad & Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea (2023). The social skills of alternative media. Full text in Research Archive
• Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea & Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2023). Studying media criticism: an analytical model. Full text in Research Archive
• Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea & Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2023). Understanding the challenger: ​ The social skills of alternative media​. Full text in Research Archive
• Mayerhöffer, Eva; Pedersen, Leif Hemming; Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea & Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2023). Boundary-work in the Nordic media model: A comparative analysis of institutional responses to alternative media in Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Full text in Research Archive
• Figenschou, Tine Ustad & Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea (2023). Understanding the challenger: ​ The social skills of alternative media​. Full text in Research Archive
• Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea & Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2022). When antagonistic far-right meda seek insider status. Full text in Research Archive
• Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea & Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2022). Journalism as a Strategic Action Field: Studying alternative/professional relations. Full text in Research Archive
• Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea & Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2022). Far-right media, religion and populism. Full text in Research Archive
• Nadim, Marjan (2022). Making Sense of Hate: Young Muslims’ understandings of online racism in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Nadim, Marjan (2022). Making Sense of Hate: Young Muslims’ understandings of online racism in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Nadim, Marjan (2022). Om hatytringer. Full text in Research Archive
• Nadim, Marjan (2022). Making Sense of The Extreme: Young Muslims’ understandings of online racism. Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2022). Nettradikalisering og sosiale medier. Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2022). Hva er nytt med nettradikalisering? Full text in Research Archive
• Fladmoe, Audun; Nadim, Marjan & Steen-Johnsen, Kari (2022). Emotional reactions to observing far-right online rhetoric. Comparing targets and non-targets of far-right online harassment. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The paper examines emotional reactions to observing far-right online rhetoric, and further, whether these reactions are different among people who themselves have been targets of online harassment from far-right actors. Far-right rhetoric is conceptualized as transgressive rhetoric containing anti-democratic rhetoric and expressions of hostility towards minorities. Relying on a cross-national survey carried out in Denmark, Norway and Sweden in the fall of 2020, the results suggest that (a) messages hostile towards minorities are more common than anti-democratic messages. (b) Respondents react more negatively in terms of anger to messages that contain hostility towards minorities than messages that are only anti-democratic. (d) Negative emotional reactions, especially anger, are more prevalent stronger among respondents who themselves have been targets of online harassment from far-right actors. This holds especially if respondents have observed both types of transgressive online rhetoric. An implication of the study is that previous experience with far-right online harassment may sensitise subjects, eliciting stronger emotional reactions to subsequent far-right rhetoric.

• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2022). Dekningen av 22. juli: hva kan vi lære om ekstremismen? Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Solheim, Øyvind Bugge & Toso, Amadine (2022). Fear, anger and loathing in Scandinavia: How emotions mobilize the far-right online. Full text in Research Archive
• Nadim, Marjan (2022). Deltagere i opphetede og aggressive debatter på nettet. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2022). Medienes dekning av ekstremisme og terrorisme. Full text in Research Archive
• Nadim, Marjan (2022). Hets og hatefulle ytringer skremmer også dem som ikke opplever det direkte. [Internet]. Forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Nadim, Marjan (2022). Norsk eller ikke norsk? - Å være norsk rommer mye mer i dag enn før. [Journal]. Avisa Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Nadim, Marjan (2022). Hetses etter terroren. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Nadim, Marjan (2022). Hets mot muslimer. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Nadim, Marjan (2022). Kampen i gråsonene: En studie av deltagere i opphetede og aggressive nettdebatter. Full text in Research Archive
• Nadim, Marjan (2021). GRÅSONER OG GRENSEOVERSKRIDELSER PÅ NETTET: En studie av deltagere i opphetede og aggressive nettdebatter. Full text in Research Archive
• Nadim, Marjan (2021). Deltagere i opphetede debatter og hatytringer. Full text in Research Archive
• Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea (2021). «Fake news» og alternative medier. [Radio]. OsloMet. Viten og snakkis. Full text in Research Archive
• Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea (2021). Her er ekko­kam­meret som gjør alternative medier til virale vinnere. [Journal]. Faktisk. Full text in Research Archive
• Nadim, Marjan (2021). Netthets og ytringsfrihet. Full text in Research Archive
• Nadim, Marjan & Fladmoe, Audun (2021). Gråsoner og grenseoverskridelser på nettet. Full text in Research Archive
• Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea & Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2021). Knock, knock! Right-wing alternative media is at the door…. Full text in Research Archive
• Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea & Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2021). Knock, knock! The far-right is at the door. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2021). Hvordan forstår nordmenn 22. juli-terroren i dag? Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2021). Dette er det nye ytre høyre: Høyt utdannet, godt voksen og med god inntekt. [Journal]. Frifagbevegelse. Full text in Research Archive
• Figenschou, Tine Ustad & Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea (2021). Far-right alternative media, mainstreaming processes and institutional boundary struggles. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The news institution is under pressure globally, due to dramatic technological disruption, financial struggle, ideological and political critique (Reese, 2020). Criticism from far-right alternative media (Figenschou & Ihlebæk, 2019) and right-wing populist actors (Robinson, Carlson & Lewis, 2020), represent a particular form of attack on professional journalism that have proven difficult to tackle (Krämer & Langmann, 2020). Concurrently, the boundaries of the news institution are renegotiated and blurred as new alternative actors opposing the establishment enter the field. The present paper investigates boundary-work processes, between mainstream and alternative media, in the context of the Norwegian media system characterized by strong press organizations, strong consensus around professional ethical standards and a self-regulatory system guarding these principles (Hallin and Mancini 2004; Syvertsen et al 2014). Combining interviews with key stakeholders, document analysis and textual analysis, it analyzes institutional protection of normative boundaries after far right-alternative media actors repeatedly attempted to join key professional organizations (2018-2020). The institutional response is a process of ‘ethical cleansing’ (Raaum, 1999), clarifying and tightening the criteria for inclusion in the self-regulatory system. It demonstrates the professional ambivalence towards attempts of mainstreaming controversial alternative actors. On the one hand, it represents an opportunity to discipline and train nonprofessional newcomers. On the other, it represents a potential undermining of professional authority based on ethical journalism.

• Steen-Johnsen, Kari (2021). Populisme og politisk kommunikasjon - kommentar til Toril Aalberg. Full text in Research Archive
• Nadim, Marjan & Fladmoe, Audun (2021). A study of participants in heated and aggressive online debates. Full text in Research Archive
• Fladmoe, Audun (2021). Hva sier forskningen om netthat? Full text in Research Archive
• Fladmoe, Audun (2021). Sjikane på nett – hva gjør det med oss og samfunnsdebatten? [Radio]. Den norske mediepodden (Medietilsynet). Full text in Research Archive
• Fladmoe, Audun & Nadim, Marjan (2021). Gråsoner og grenseoverskridelser på nettet. En studie av deltagere i opphetede og aggressive nettdebatter. Full text in Research Archive
• Fladmoe, Audun (2021). Unge ytrer seg mer forsiktig enn før. [Radio]. Helgemorgen (NRK). Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge & Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea (2021). How do anti-immigration Facebook groups use alternative media? Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2021). SIAN sentrale i spredningen av innhold fra alternative medier. [Internet]. faktisk.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2021). Medier og høyreekstrem radikalisering. [Radio]. Radio Latin-Amerika. Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2021). Slagmarka som vart leikeplass. [Journal]. nrk.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2021). Slik har Demokratene bygget seg opp på Facebook. [Internet]. faktisk.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2021). Her er ekko­kam­meret som gjør alternative medier til virale vinnere. [Internet]. faktisk.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2021). Hvem leser alternative medier? Full text in Research Archive
• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2021). – Vi kunne kanskje ha skrevet mer i rapporten om gjerningsmannens bakgrunn. [Journal]. Vårt land. Full text in Research Archive

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