Interactions between national and labour market based pensions in Norway: pension outcomes and policy processes

• Grødem, Anne Skevik & Hippe, Jon Mathias (2020). How Occupational Pensions Shape Extended Working Lives: Gender, Class and Chance after the Norwegian Pension Reform. Work, Employment and Society. p. 1–18. doi: 10.1177/0950017020952619. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Individuals’ need for extended working lives depends on the design of pension systems, including occupational pensions. This article examines variation in occupational pension generosity and coverage in Norway’s private sector. The analysis consists of microsimulations of future pension outcomes for cohorts born in 1953, 1963, 1973 and 1983. The first set of calculations estimate average pension levels for individuals with different pension packages who retire at 67; the second, how much longer workers in different cohorts will have to work in order to obtain a replacement rate of 70%. The overall finding is that while all workers in Norway must extend working life in the future, those with the most generous occupational pensions can retire about four years earlier than those with the least generous packages. This shows that the design and regulation of occupational pensions are crucial to the debate on extended working lives.

• Midtsundstad, Tove Irene (2019). Which Enterprises Offer the Poorest and the Best Pension Entitlements? Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies. 9(1). doi: 10.18291/njwls.v9i1.113083.
• Grødem, Anne Skevik & Hippe, Jon Mathias (2019). The expertise of politicians and their role in epistemic communities. Policy & Politics. 47(4), p. 561–577. doi: 10.1332/030557319X15662966019989. Full text in Research Archive
• Hagelund, Anniken & Grødem, Anne Skevik (2019). When metaphors become cognitive locks: occupational pension reform in Norway. Policy and Society: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Policy Research. 38(3), p. 373–388. doi: 10.1080/14494035.2019.1646070. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The reform of the Norwegian pension system in the early 2000s sparked off a need to reform occupational pensions. In the private sector, this was done in negotiations in 2008. In the public sector, a similar attempt in 2009 failed, and the process was only finalized in 2018. We aim to show how discourse, and the way the issues were framed through narratives and metaphors, affected the reform processes in 2008/2009. We outline the significance of different constellation of actors in the two sectors, and show how this affected the ability to achieve common understandings (coordinative discourse) and popular support (communicative discourse). We then focus in particular on one popular metaphor, namely the toiler, and show how toilers emerged in different guises in both the private and public sector negotiations. A clear notion of what the toiler needed was constructed during the private-sector negotiations. When negotiations moved to the public sector, and a different type of toiler entered the picture, key reform architects were unable to adjust. The metaphor of the toiler ended up as a ‘cognitive lock’ that hampered rather than promoted reform in the public sector.

• Grødem, Anne Skevik; Hagelund, Anniken; Hippe, Jon Mathias & Trampusch, Christine (2018). Beyond coverage: the politics of occupational pensions and the role of trade unions. Introduction to special issue. Transfer - European Review of Labour and Research. 24(1), p. 9–23. doi: 10.1177/1024258917747842. Full text in Research Archive
• Grødem, Anne Skevik & Hippe, Jon Mathias (2018). Networking, lobbying and bargaining for pensions: trade union power in the Norwegian pension reform. Journal of Public Policy. p. 1–17. doi: 10.1017/S0143814X18000144. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Norway reformed its pension system in 2011, introducing a Swedish-style, NDC system. Contrary to expectations, the reform was largely supported by the dominant confederation of trade unions, the LO. In this article, we look at LO involvement in the process at different stages. Through qualitative interviews with key reform architects, we have traced the process between 2005 and 2008, emphasising actors, meeting places and interests. Starting from the insight that unions can influence through lobbying, bargaining and (the threat of) mobilising, we suggest that lobbying can be a mutual process, where parties and unions move each other’s positions. In addition, bargaining can take the form of behind-the-scenes cooperation, as well as of negotiations in the classic, Nordic-style industrial relations sense. Expanding on this framework, we suggest that the literature on pension reforms should pay more attention to negotiated and voluntary labour market occupational schemes, and to the importance of expertise and networks.

• Pedersen, Axel West; Hippe, Jon Mathias; Grødem, Anne Skevik & Sørensen, Ole Beier (2018). Trade unions and the politics of occupational pensions in Denmark and Norway. Transfer - European Review of Labour and Research. 24(1), p. 109–122. doi: 10.1177/1024258917748873. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Around 1990, trade unions in both Norway and Denmark moved away from their previous hostile stance, and started actively to promote occupational pensions. Over time, full coverage of occupational pensions was achieved in both countries, yet with different scopes, degrees of risk-sharing and modes of governance. Why did both countries go through similar institutional changes, and why were the outcomes still so different? The roads to full coverage were different: In Denmark, this was achieved through wage bargaining; in Norway, through mandating. Denmark developed far more collectivistic schemes than Norway, but recent developments indicate convergence: efforts are being made in Norway to develop encompassing schemes more similar to the Danish ones, while the Danish system appears to be moving in a more individual direction. In both countries, strong trade union branches have at critical junctures forged alliances with their employer counterparts at the expense of trade union solidarity. Both mandatory and negotiated schemes thus have the potential to be sources of solidarity as well as of self-interest within the union movement.

• Hippe, Jon Mathias; Lillevold, Pål & Vøien, Hans Gunnar (2017). Alle skal med? En analyse av frafall i AFP-ordningen. Søkelys på arbeidslivet. 34(1/2), p. 5–23. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-7989-2017-01-02-01.
• Hagelund, Anniken & Grødem, Anne Skevik (2017). Build Your Own Pension: Framing Pension Reform and Choice in Newspapers. Journal of Aging & Social Policy. 29(3), p. 218–234. doi: 10.1080/08959420.2016.1242108. Full text in Research Archive
• Midtsundstad, Tove Irene (2015). Utviklingen i AFP- og tjenestepensjonsrettigheter etter 2000. In Dale-Olsen, Harald (Eds.), Norsk arbeidsliv i turbulente tider. Gyldendal Akademisk. p. 184–201.
• Hippe, Jon Mathias & Steen, Sven Iver (2015). Før tariffoppgjøret 2016: Adgangen til å opprette (brede) felles tjenestepensjonsordninger. Arbeidsrett vol 12 nr 2 2015 [194–212]. Arbeidsrett. 12(2), p. 194–212.

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• Midtsundstad, Tove Irene & Nielsen, Roy A. (2019). Heving av aldersgrensen for stillingsvern Hvordan har virksomhetene og de ansatte tilpasset seg? Fafo.
• Hippe, Jon Mathias & Midtsundstad, Tove Irene (2016). Teller AFP med? Omlegging av AFP og tilpasninger av tjenestepensjoner i privat sektor. Forskningsstiftelsen Fafo. 2016(8).

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• Midtsundstad, Tove Irene (2019). Pensjon er blitt litt som lotto (NAVs pensjonsblogg - www.deterdinpensjon.no).
• Midtsundstad, Tove Irene & Nielsen, Roy A (2019). Endringer i aldersgrensen for stillingsvern (AML).
• Midtsundstad, Tove Irene (2019). Garanterte pensjonsprodukter - introduksjon (ledelse av seminar).
• Midtsundstad, Tove Irene (2019). Effekter av nye pensjonsregler - introduksjon (ledelse av seminar).
• Midtsundstad, Tove Irene & Nielsen, Roy A. (2019). Heving av aldersgrensen for stillingsvern - arbeidsgiveres og arbeidstakeres tilpasninger.
• Grødem, Anne Skevik (2018). Politikken i pensjonene - den lange reformprosessen.
• Grødem, Anne Skevik (2018). Politikken i pensjonene - reformprosessen 2001-2018.
• Grødem, Anne Skevik (2018). Den lange reformprosessen, 2001-2018. Aktørene, arenaene og argumentene. .
• Midtsundstad, Tove Irene (2018). Hvor mye betyr pensjonssystemet for pensjoneringsadferden?
• Grødem, Anne Skevik & Hippe, Jon Mathias (2018). Gendering old age pensions: How the shifting private-public mix in pension politics reshape outcomes for men and women.
• Grødem, Anne Skevik (2018). Politikken i pensjonene - den lange pensjonsprosessen.
• Grødem, Anne Skevik & Hippe, Jon Mathias (2018). Samspillet mellom folketrygdpensjonen og arbeidsmarkeds-baserte pensjoner i Norge: politiske prosesser og utfall. In Forskningsrådet, NFR (Eds.), Evaluering av pensjonsreformen - EVAPEN : avslutningskonferanse, artikler fra prosjektene. Norges forskningsråd. p. 3–20.
• Grødem, Anne Skevik & Hagelund, Anniken (2017). How some reform attempts succeed while others fail – a comparative analysis of two pension reform processes in one country.
• Grødem, Anne Skevik & Hippe, Jon Mathias (2017). Gendering old age pension reform: how private pension schemes reshape outcomes for men and women.
• Grødem, Anne Skevik & Hippe, Jon Mathias (2017). Vekst i europeiske tjenestepensjoner – markeds- eller fagforeningsmakt?
• Grødem, Anne Skevik (2017). Ingen brenning av bildekk. Den politiske prosessen fram til pensjonsreformen 2011.
• Grødem, Anne Skevik & Hippe, Jon Mathias (2017). 'I fought the bureaucracy and the bureaucracy won.' Å gjenvinne kontrollen over et pensjonssystem i drift.
• Grødem, Anne Skevik (2017). Ingen brenning av bildekk. Den politiske prosessen fram til pensjonsreformen 2011.
• Midtsundstad, Tove Irene (2017). Aldring ingen hindring? Hvem ansetter eldre over 67 år, og hvorfor?
• Pedersen, Axel West & Hippe, Jon Mathias (2017). En norsk trygdehistorie.
• Midtsundstad, Tove Irene (2016). Partial retirement and flexible retirement schemes in Norway.
• Midtsundstad, Tove Irene (2016). Employment promotion policies, social benefits, and the interaction of social protection schemes for senior workers in Norway.
• Midtsundstad, Tove Irene & Hippe, Jon Mathias (2016). Teller AFP med? Omlegging av AFP og tilpasninger av tjenestepensjon i privat sektor.
• Midtsundstad, Tove Irene (2016). Fakta om kvinner og pensjon.
• Midtsundstad, Tove Irene & Nielsen, Roy A (2016). Virksomheters og arbeidstakeres tilpasning til aldersgrensene.
• Hippe, Jon Mathias (2015). Offentlig tjenestepensjon - fremtidige endringer .
• Hippe, Jon Mathias (2015). Utfordringer for offentlig tjenestepensjon.
• Hippe, Jon Mathias (2015). Pensjonsreform¨og utfordringer for tjnenestepensjon i privat sektor.
• Hippe, Jon Mathias (2015). Livsforsikring og Solvens II i Norge.
• Midtsundstad, Tove Irene (2015). Virksomheter og arbeidstakeres tilpasning til aldersgrensene.
• Midtsundstad, Tove Irene (2014). Flexible retirement in Norway.

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